Table 1.
Molecular diversity indices and neutrality test, based on COI, ND4 and concatenated sequences obtained from five studied Phlebotomus argentipes s.l. populations.
Table 2.
Pairwise FST values for five Phlebotomus argentipes s.l. populations based on the COI and ND4 genes.
Fig 1.
Pairwise FST matrix of five studied populations of Phlebotomus argentipes s.l. based on concatenated alignment.
Fig 2.
The relationship between genetic distance expressed as linearized FST/ (1- FST) and pairwise geographic distance (km) of the Phlebotomus argentipes s.l. field populations.
(A) COI sequences, (B) ND4 sequences (C) concatenated sequences and trendline- linear regression.
Table 3.
Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) for testing the genetic subdivision of five Phlebotomus argentipes s.l. field populations in Sri Lanka using two mtDNA region sequences across geographic districts.
Fig 3.
Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) scattered plot generated from genetic distance calculations using the GeneAlex package for COI and ND4 partial gene sequences.
(A) COI data set and (B) ND4 data set, different colored labels indicate distinct geographical origins of P. argentipes s.l. individuals studied.
Fig 4.
Mismatch distribution analyses (MMD) of Phlebotomus argentipes s.l. populations, illustrating the observed and expected frequency under a sudden expansion model.
(A) Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), (B) NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) gene sequences and (C) concatenated alignment. The observed mismatch distribution reflects historical demographic events, with deviations potentially indicating population structure or selection pressures.
Fig 5.
Demographic expansion model comparisons based on concatenated sequence alignments of five Phlebotomus argentipes s.l. populations in Sri Lanka.
Observed mismatch distributions are shown in red, and expected distributions under the sudden expansion model are shown in blue. These curves illustrate historical population dynamics, providing insights into past expansions or bottlenecks within each population. Panels: (A) Anuradhapura; (B) Balangoda; (C) Mirigama; (D) Medirigiriya; and (E) Hambantota.
Fig 6.
Bayesian Skyline plot for the two study gene fragments.
A- ND4, B-COI and the X-axis represent the years before the present, as calculated by the Bayesian Skyline model which considers two or three sandfly generations per year, and the Y-axis indicates their effective population size. The blue area shows the minimum to maximum range for the estimated effective population.