Fig 1.
Research structure.
Fig 2.
(The base map of this figure uses public domain data from Natural Earth (available at https://www.naturalearthdata.com/), and the map was created using ArcGIS).
Table 1.
Evaluation indicator framework measuring urban–rural integration in China.
Table 2.
Criteria for classifying the degree of coupling coordination.
Table 3.
Index of urban–rural integration development across China regions from 2015 to 2020.
Fig 3.
The temporal changes in urban–rural integration development in China (2015–2022).
Fig 4.
The spatial distribution of urban–rural integration development in 2015.
(The base map of this figure uses public domain data from Natural Earth (available at https://www.naturalearthdata.com/), and the map was created using ArcGIS).
Fig 5.
The spatial distribution of urban–rural integration development in 2019.
(The base map of this figure uses public domain data from Natural Earth (available at https://www.naturalearthdata.com/), and the map was created using ArcGIS).
Fig 6.
The spatial distribution of urban–rural integration development in 2022.
(The base map of this figure uses public domain data from Natural Earth (available at https://www.naturalearthdata.com/), and the map was created using ArcGIS).
Fig 7.
The main driving factors of urban–rural integration in China (2015–2022).