Fig 1.
Conceptual framework of shared decision-making.
SDM exists along a continuum that balances patient values, preferences, and autonomy with clinician expertise and the best available evidence. The level of SDM depends on the depth of dialogue, information exchange, and collaborative deliberation between patients and clinicians. At one end, characterized by paternalism, decisions are primarily clinician-driven, with minimal patient input into goals or treatment choices. At the other end, characterized by consumerism, decisions are largely patient-driven, with clinicians providing care based predominantly on patient preferences. Across the continuum, SDM aims to integrate patient priorities, clinical knowledge, and the best available scientific evidence, while patients or substitute decision-makers retain ultimate authority to consent to or refuse care.
Fig 2.
Study flowchart of participant inclusion and exclusion.
Study flow diagram showing the number of primary care and community addiction and mental health clinics contacted, enrolled, and recruiting 18–29-year-old patients, as well as the number of patients and healthcare providers who ultimately participated in the study.
Table 1.
Healthcare provider sociodemographic characteristics.
Table 2.
Patient characteristics.
Table 3.
Correlation matrix of study variables.