Table 1.
Chemical and physical properties of materials used.
Fig 1.
Binding materials used (a) PLC, (b) Shea nutshells, (c) SNA, (d) Oyster seashells, and (e) GOS.
Fig 2.
PSD for (a) binders and (b) aggregates.
Table 2.
Mix proportions (kg/m3).
Fig 3.
Experimental operations showing (a) the slump test and (b) the curing of concrete samples.
Fig 4.
Research methodology’s flowchart.
Table 3.
Model development.
Fig 5.
Workability showing (a) setting times of mortar samples and (b) slump values of fresh TBC samples.
Fig 6.
Compressive strengths of TBC for (a) C25 and (b) C30 MPa.
Fig 7.
Flexural strengths of TBC for (a) C25 and (b) C30 MPa.
Fig 8.
Split tensile strengths of TBC for (a) C25 and (b) C30.
Fig 9.
Relationship between (a) flexural and compressive strengths and (b) split tensile and compressive strengths of TBC.
Fig 10.
Model validation between (a) flexural and compressive strengths and (b) split tensile and compressive strengths of TBC.
Fig 11.
Acidic resistance indicating (a) residual compressive strength and (b) residual density.
Fig 12.
Sulfate resistance indicating (a) residual compressive strength and (b) residual density.
Fig 13.
Drying shrinkage for (a) C25 and (b) C30.
Fig 14.
Morphology of (a) control sample (TB0) and (b) TB10 after 28 curing age.
Fig 15.
XRD spectrum of TB0 and TB10.
Fig 16.
TGA/DTA curves for (a) control sample (TB0) and (b) TB10 after 28 curing ages.
Fig 17.
DSC curves for TB0 and TB10 after 28 curing ages.