Fig 1.
The effects of RDV on the kidney function and histology.
The serum levels of creatinine (A) and urea (B) were compared between groups. Histological results of RDV were shown in the kidney tissue of the groups: O: Infiltration of inflammatory cells, Black arrows: Cellular degeneration and welling, Yellow arrows: Pyknosis of the nucleus, Red arrows: Necrosis of some kidney tissue cells, Green arrows: widening of the capsular space (C). ip: intraperitoneal, I/R: ischemia/reperfusion, Rem: Remdesivir, sc: subcutaneous.
Fig 2.
The effects of RDV on mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the studied groups.
The results of western blotting (A). The protein levels of PGC-1α (B) and Drp-1 (C) were compared between the studied groups. β-actin was used as an internal control. Drp-1: Dynamin-related protein 1, ip: intraperitoneal, I/R: ischemia/reperfusion, PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator, Rem: Remdesivir, sc: subcutaneous.
Fig 3.
The effects of RDV on cellular stress in the studied groups.
The results of western blotting (A). The protein levels of ATF3 (B), p-p53 (C), p-p21 (D), and cas3 (E) were represented in the studied groups. β-actin was used as an internal control. cas3: caspase-3, ip: intraperitoneal, I/R: ischemia/reperfusion, NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, Rem: Remdesivir, sc: subcutaneous.
Fig 4.
The effects of RDV on inflammatory and oxidative factors in the studied groups.
The protein levels of NF-κB as an inflammatory marker were determined by western blotting and β-actin was used as an internal control (A, B). The levels of oxidative markers including MDA (C) as an oxidative factor and SOD (D), TAC (E) and GPX (F), as antioxidative factors were evaluated in the studied groups. GPX: glutathione peroxidase, ip: intraperitoneal, I/R: ischemia/reperfusion, MDA: malondialdehyde, Rem: Remdesivir, sc: subcutaneous, SOD: superoxide dismutase, TAC: total antioxidant capacity.