Fig 1.
The flowchart of the INFO algorithm.
Fig 2.
Flowchart of the ARINFO algorithm.
Fig 3.
Exploration vs exploitation analysis of ARINFO, INFO, and ARO algorithms.
Table 1.
Wind and solar plants data- IEEE −57 bus system [23].
Fig 4.
Convergence curves of the ARINFO algorithm for the three best-performing runs.
Table 2.
Simulation results for Case 1.
Fig 5.
Voltage profile of load buses.
Fig 6.
Voltage profiles of generator buses.
Fig 7.
Convergence performance comparison for Case 1.
Fig 8.
Optimal scheduled active power outputs of all generators under different reserve cost coefficients.
Fig 9.
Impact of varying reserve cost coefficients on individual cost components.
Fig 10.
Optimal scheduled active power outputs of all generators under different penalty cost coefficients.
Fig 11.
Impact of varying penalty cost coefficients on individual cost components.
Fig 12.
Scheduled reactive power outputs of all generators in Cases 1, 2, and 3.
Fig 13.
Voltage profiles of generator buses in Cases 1, 2, and 3.
Table 11.
Optimal settings of control variables for Case 11 using the ARINFO algorithm.
Table 3.
Simulation outcomes for Case 4.
Fig 14.
Convergence performance comparison for Case 4.
Table 4.
Simulation outcomes for Case 5.
Fig 15.
Convergence performance comparison for Case 5.
Table 5.
Simulation outcomes for Case 6.
Fig 16.
Convergence performance comparison for Case 6.
Fig 17.
Load bus voltage profiles of the IEEE 30-bus power system in Cases 1, 4, 5, and 6 using the ARINFO optimization algorithm.
Table 6.
Simulation outcomes for Case 7.
Fig 18.
Comparative convergence performance for Case 7.
Fig 19.
Comparative analysis of total generation costs in Cases 1, 4, and 7.
Table 7.
Mean values and probabilities of different loading scenarios [47].
Table 8.
Simulation outcomes for Case 8.
Fig 20.
Total cost under versus loading scenarios.
Fig 21.
Impact of loading level on voltage deviation, power losses, and carbon emissions.
Fig 22.
Voltages of the load buses during the 4 loading scenarios.
Table 9.
Simulation outcomes for Case 9.
Fig 23.
Comparative convergence performance for Case 9.
Fig 24.
Voltages of the load buses of the modified IEEE-57 bus power system.
Table 10.
Simulation outcomes for Case 10.
Fig 25.
Comparative convergence performance for Case 10.
Fig 26.
Voltages of the load buses of the modified IEEE-57 bus power system.
Fig 27.
Voltages of the load buses of the IEEE-118 bus power system.
Fig 28.
Comparative convergence performance for Case 11.