Table 1.
Logistic regression parameters for behavioral half-life (T₅₀) and rate of decline across experimental groups.
Fig 1.
Age-dependent climbing performance in Oregon-R flies under paraquat exposure.
Note: Line graphs showing mean climbing height (cm) ± SEM across age (5–50 days) for Oregon-R males (Panel A) and females (Panel B) exposed to 0 mM (circles), 10 mM (squares), and 20 mM (triangles) paraquat.Data points represent means from n = 30 flies per condition. Four-way ANOVA revealed significant effects of age, dose, sex, and their interactions (all p < 0.001), Line graphs generated using the ggplot2 package (v3.4.4) in R 4.3.1.
Fig 2.
Age-dependent climbing performance in vestigial flies under paraquat exposure.
Note: Line graphs showing mean climbing height (cm) ± SEM across age (5–45 days) for vestigial males (Panel A) and females (Panel B) exposed to 0 mM (circles), 10 mM (squares), and 20 mM (triangles) paraquat. Data points represent means from n = 30 flies per condition. Vestigial flies exhibited accelerated decline compared to Oregon-R (strain effect: F₁,₈₆₄ = 94.2, p < 0.001), Line graphs generated using the ggplot2 package (v3.4.4) in R 4.3.1.
Fig 3.
Mean climbing height under increasing paraquat concentration.
Note: Grouped bar graph showing mean climbing height (cm) ± SEM across all ages for each paraquat dose (0, 10, 20 mM). Bars grouped by strain (Oregon-R, vestigial) and sex (male = solid, female = hatched). ***p < 0.001 for main effect of dose (F₂,₈₆₄ = 186.7), Bar graphs generated using the ggplot2 package (v3.4.4) in R 4.3.1.
Fig 4.
Logistic regression models of behavioral aging.
Note: Logistic curve fits for Oregon-R males (A), Oregon-R females (B), vestigial males (C), and vestigial females (D). Each panel displays curves for 0 mM (solid line), 10 mM (dashed line), and 20 mM (dotted line) paraquat. Horizontal dotted lines indicate T₅₀ for each condition. All logistic fits showed excellent goodness-of-fit (R² > 0.95, p < 0.001), Logistic regression curves generated using the drc package (v3.0-1) and visualized with ggplot2 (v3.4.4) in R 4.3.1.
Table 2.
Survival analysis and lifespan parameters.
Fig 5.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves by strain, sex, and paraquat dose.
Note: Survival probability (0–1.0) plotted against age (days) for all 12 experimental groups. Panels organized by strain and sex: Oregon-R males (A), Oregon-R females (B), vestigial males (C), vestigial females (D). Line styles: solid = 0 mM, dashed = 10 mM, dotted = 20 mM paraquat. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. Log-rank test confirmed significant dose effects in all groups (all p < 0.001), Survival curves generated using the survminer package (v0.4.9) in R 4.3.1.
Table 3.
Four-way ANOVA results for climbing performance.
Table 4.
Correlation and linear regression between age and climbing performance.
Table 5.
Cox proportional hazards regression for mortality risk.
Fig 6.
Relationship between behavioral half-life (T₅₀) and median lifespan (LS₅₀).
Not: Scatter plot with T₅₀ (days) on x-axis and LS₅₀ (days) on y-axis. Each point represents one experimental group (n = 12). Symbol shapes indicate strain (circle = Oregon-R, square = vestigial), fill indicates sex (filled = male, open = female), and color indicates paraquat dose (black = 0 mM, dark gray = 10 mM, light gray = 20 mM). Diagonal dashed line represents theoretical T₅₀ = LS₅₀. Regression line (solid blue) shows strong positive correlation (r = 0.976, 95% CI: 0.962–0.985, p < 0.001). Error bars represent 95% CI for both parameters, Scatter plot generated using the ggplot2 package (v3.4.4) in R 4.3.1.