Fig 1.
Model building.
Table 1.
Comparison of research positioning and theoretical advancement between this Paper and related literature.
Table 2.
Nomenclature.
Fig 2.
The sequence of events.
Table 3.
Strategic dimensions comparison of four e-commerce entry models.
Fig 3.
Competition for the “E only” entry model.
Fig 4.
Competition for the “FBP only” entry model.
Fig 5.
Competition for the “E + FBP” entry model.
Fig 6.
Competition for the “E+FBP+SOP” entry model.
Table 4.
Comparative static analysis of equilibrium outcomes without blockchain technology introduced.
Table 5.
Comparative static analysis of equilibrium outcomes with blockchain technology introduced.
Fig 7.
The impact of tax disparities on the overall profit of the MNE employing different entry models.
Fig 8.
The impact of the service provided by the e-commerce platform and the service offered by the retail division of the MNE on the overall profits of the MNE employing different entry models.
The impact of (a) the service level provided by self-operated e-commerce platforms on the total profit of the MNE choosing different e-commerce entry models, and (b) the impact of the service level provided by the retail sector on the total profit of the MNE choosing different e-commerce entry models, with and without blockchain technology introduction.
Fig 9.
The influence of customers’ service sensitivity on the overall profit of the MNE employing different entry models.
Fig 10.
The effect of the sensitivity coefficient of consumers’ preference for product value to the introduction of blockchain technology by the MNE on the total profits of the MNE.
Fig 11.
The effect of the sensitivity coefficient of consumers’ preference for service to the introduction of blockchain technology by the MNE on the total profits of MNE.
Fig 12.
The impact of the service level provided by self-operated e-commerce versus the service level provided by MNE’s manufacturing division on the choice of the e-commerce entry model without the introduction of blockchain technology.
Fig 13.
The impact of the service level provided by self-operated e-commerce versus the service level provided by MNE’s manufacturing division on the choice of the e-commerce entry model with the introduction of blockchain technology.
Fig 14.
The impact of consumers’ service sensitivity factor versus the level of service provided by Self-operated e-commerce on the choice of the e-commerce entry model without the introduction of blockchain technology.
Fig 15.
The impact of consumers’ service sensitivity factor versus the level of service provided by Self-operated e-commerce on the choice of the e-commerce entry model with the introduction of blockchain technology.
Fig 16.
The impact of blockchain technology costs on the total profit of the MNE under variations in taxation.
Fig 17.
Under two truncated normal distributions, the trend of total profits for the MNE across four e-commerce entry models as tax differentials vary, with and without the introduction of blockchain technology.