Fig 1.
The research steps followed.
Fig 2.
The package level relationships in NSDI of Türkiye (TUCBS).
Fig 3.
The building data model extended with the information obtained energy performance certificates.
Orange classes presenting the extension.
Fig 4.
The study area, Tuzla district, İstanbul, Türkiye (Base map and data from OpenStreetMap and OpenStreetMap Foundation).
Table 1.
Building energy dataset features for modelling.
Fig 5.
Creating geodatabase for building energy extension of NSDI (Base map and data from OpenStreetMap and OpenStreetMap Foundation).
Table 2.
Hyperparameter tuning ranges and best values determined for parameters.
Table 3.
Performance of the building energy performance score prediction models.
Fig 6.
Scatterplots between predicted and actual values for building energy performance score.
Table 4.
The result of Nemenyi post-hoc test for prediction models.
Fig 7.
Feature importance of top 20 features in XGBoost model.