Fig 1.
Colour changed in the mixture, before (A) and subsequent (B) Sunshine Exposure.
Fig 2.
UV-Vis spectra of B. tersa leaves-derived AgNPs, showing a characteristic metal peak at 472 nm, confirming the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
Fig 3.
FT-IR spectra of B. tersa leaves-derived AgNPs, showing characteristic metal peaks and functional groups (C-N, O-H, N-H), which confirm their role in the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles.
Fig 4.
A) FESEM micrograph B) EDX Spectrum.
Table 1.
Total flavonoid and phenolic content. Data is shown as Mean ± SD (n = 3).
Fig 5.
Percentage inhibitions of B. tersa leaves silver nanoparticles and B. tersa leaves extract over standard ascorbic acid by DPPH assay.
Results are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3), with L-ascorbic acid serving as the standard reference.
Fig 6.
The cytotoxicity of B. tersa leaves AgNPs.
A). B. tersa leaves AgNPs B). Vincristine sulfate displays the mortality rate of brine shrimp nauplii at various concentrations. All Value is expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Table 2.
Analyzing B. tersa leaves AgNPs extract components with GC-MS.
Fig 7.
GC-MS graph of B. tersa leaves AgNPs.
Table 3.
Antibacterial activity of AgNPs. All results are stated as mean ± SD (n = 2).
Fig 8.
Depicts the diameter of the inhibition zones for AgNPs.
(B) S. aureus (C) S. flexneri (D) B. cereus (E) P. aeruginosa.
Table 4.
MIC and MBC showed by B. tersa leaves AgNPs against test organisms. All data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Fig 9.
MIC of Ag NPs against (First two row) P. aeruginosa (Second two row) S. flexneri (Third two row (B.cereus) and (Last two row) S. aureus shown in 96 well plates.
Fig 10.
Effects of B. tersa leaves AgNPs in the open field test.
Value is expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5), with * p < 0.05.
Fig 11.
Effects of B. tersa leaves AgNPs in hole cross test.
Data is displayed as mean ± SD, where n = 5. *P < 0.05, vs. control (distilled water, 10 mL/kg BW).
Fig 12.
Neuropharmacological Activity of B. tersa leaves AgNPs in hole board test.
Values are represented as mean ± SD, where n = 5. *P < 0.05.
Fig 13.
Time spent in A) open arm B) Closed arm, Effects of B. tersa leaves AgNPs (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) in elevated plus maze test.
Data is displayed as mean ± SD, where n = 5. *P < 0.05.
Table 5.
The intermolecular interaction and the binding affinity between macromolecule Amyloid A4 protein (PDB ID: 1AAP), tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (PDB ID: 1JIJ), (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl carrier protein] dehydratase (PDB ID: 1U1Z), and M4 metalloprotease protein (PDB ID: 1NPC) and ligands.
Table 6.
Conducting ADMET profiling to analyse the pharmacological and physicochemical characteristics of the selected ligand for Alzheimer’s disease and antibacterial agents.
Table 7.
The outcome of QSAR models in predicting bioactivity for ligand assessment.