Fig 1.
(Left) Overall pipeline of the experiment for the three groups.
A beep sound follows every reflection to indicate to open the eyes for the next task. An intentional time binding experiment is carried out for each group at the end. (Right) Schematic timeline of the intentional time binding experiment.
Fig 2.
Generating Vietoris-Rips (VR) Complexes from Point Cloud Data: Each point in the point cloud is constructed from an EEG time series using Takens’s embedding theorem.
Each point is enveloped by a growing sphere, which simultaneously and uniformly expands, forming k-simplices [47].
Table 1.
Action/Tone Binding quantifies the difference between baseline and agency-related errors in action and tone perception. Baseline errors are the average time discrepancies between reported and actual actions/tone over 20 trials in action-only or tone-only tasks. Agency-related errors measure the corresponding discrepancies during action-tone tasks. Total time binding reflects the difference between action and tone bindings. Values are presented as mean (SD) across subjects in each group
Table 2.
Omnibus Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney post-hoc p-values for TTB.
Effect-size magnitude is interpreted using conventional cut-offs: small (.01–.06), medium (.06–.14), large (.14)
Fig 3.
Violin plot representing the distribution of total time binding (in ms) for different groups.
Group SCR – Self-Centered Reflection, Group SLR - Selfless Reflection, Group CTR – Control.
Fig 4.
Box plot of the band powers for different groups.
Table 3.
Results of the Kruskal-Wallis Test on persistent amplitude and persistent entropy measures for TP channel.
Effect sizes are reported using epsilon-squared ()
Table 4.
Results of the Kruskal-Wallis Test on persistent amplitude and persistent entropy measures for AF channel.
Effect sizes are reported using epsilon-squared ()
Fig 5.
Betti curves averaged across subjects from SCR, SLR, and CTR groups.
The top (bottom) panel gives curves for the TP (AF) channel of the EEG. represents for k–th homology group.
Fig 6.
Multiscale entropies for TP and AF channels.
Fig 7.
Box plot of the Hodge spectral entropies for different groups.
is the kth order Hodge spectral entropy associated with the EEG signal.
Table 5.
Pearson correlations (p-values) between total time binding (TTB) and second-order Hodge spectral entropy .
Bold represents significant results (p < 0.05)