Table 1.
Summary statistics for key variables.
Fig 1.
Distribution of Happiness and Depression.
Table 2.
The time-unvarying determinants of first childbirth.
Table 3.
The time-varying determinants of first childbirth.
Table 4.
The time-varying determinants of first childbirth.
Table 5.
Spillover effects of first childbirth on mental health.
Table 6.
Impact of First Childbirth on Parental Happiness and Depressive Mood.
Fig 2.
Note: Fig 2 displays the results of the placebo test conducted to verify the robustness of the observed effects of first childbirth on parental happiness and depressive mood. The blue line represents the distribution of estimated coefficients for happiness using 1,000 pseudo-childbirth dummy variables, while the orange line represents the distribution of estimated coefficients for depressive mood. The placebo test ensures that the observed effects are not driven by random chance or unobservable factors, confirming the robustness of our findings.
Fig 3.
Dynamic effects of first childbirth on mental health.
Table 7.
Impact of First Childbirth on Parental Mental Health: An Instrumental Variable Approach.
Table 8.
Impact of Bearing the first Child on Mechanistic Variables.
Table 9.
Impact of Mechanistic Variables on Parental Psychological Well-being.
Table 10.
The Impact of First-time Childbirth on Parents’ Mental Health: age Heterogeneity.
Table 11.
The Impact of First-time Childbirth on Parents’ Mental Health: Urban-Rural Heterogeneity.
Table 12.
The Impact of First-time Childbirth on Parents’ Mental Health: Educational Heterogeneity.
Table 13.
The Impact of First-time Childbirth on Parents’ Mental Health: child gender Heterogeneity.