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Fig 1.

Force analysis of vehicles on slopes.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

7-DOF vehicle dynamics model.

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Wheel rotational dynamics model.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Linear 2-DOF vehicle dynamics reference model.

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Fig 4 Expand

Fig 5.

Overall structure of the coordinated control strategy.

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Fig 5 Expand

Fig 6.

Tire-road adhesion characteristic curve.

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

Ackermann steering model.

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Fig 7 Expand

Fig 8.

Flowchart of the NSGA-II.

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Fig 8 Expand

Table 1.

Main technical parameters of the vehicle.

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Table 1 Expand

Fig 9.

Slope starting acceleration curve.

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Fig 9 Expand

Fig 10.

Evenly distributed control of wheel slip ratio under 1.5 m/s² acceleration.

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Fig 10 Expand

Fig 11.

Coordinated control of wheel slip ratio under 1.5 m/s² acceleration.

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Fig 11 Expand

Fig 12.

Wheel slip ratio under load distribution control during uphill acceleration.

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Fig 12 Expand

Fig 13.

Wheel slip ratio under load distribution and active front steering control during uphill acceleration.

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Fig 13 Expand

Fig 14.

Wheel slip ratio under only optimization distribution control during uphill acceleration.

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Fig 14 Expand

Fig 15.

Wheel slip ratio under coordinated control during uphill acceleration.

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Fig 15 Expand

Fig 16.

Vehicle trajectory during uphill acceleration.

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Fig 16 Expand

Fig 17.

Wheel torque output during uphill acceleration under coordinated control.

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Fig 17 Expand

Fig 18.

Wheel slip ratio under load distribution control during accelerated turning.

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Fig 18 Expand

Fig 19.

Wheel slip ratio under load distribution and active front steering control during accelerated turning.

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Fig 19 Expand

Fig 20.

Wheel slip ratio under only optimization distribution control during accelerated turning.

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Fig 20 Expand

Fig 21.

Wheel slip ratio under coordinated control during accelerated turning.

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Fig 21 Expand

Fig 22.

Yaw rate comparison during accelerated turning.

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Fig 22 Expand

Fig 23.

Sideslip angle comparison during accelerated turning.

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Fig 23 Expand

Fig 24.

Front-wheel steering angle under coordinated control during accelerated turning.

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Fig 24 Expand

Fig 25.

Wheel torque output under coordinated control during accelerated turning.

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Fig 25 Expand