Fig 1.
LGF in a single core underground cable.
Fig 2.
A single core cable stationed along the x-axis is buried at a depth of h below the earth’s surface.
The fault current IF produces a magnetic flux density , which is measured at point P. The r represents the distance between the cable and point P and ϕ is the angle between
and
components.
Fig 3.
LCF in a single core underground cable.
Fig 4.
LLF in single core underground cables.
Fig 5.
Magnetic flux density at point P on the earth’s surface from two single core, short-circuited cables carrying as the fault current.
The cables are separated by a distance d and buried at a depth h below the earth’s surface.
Fig 6.
The simulation environment illustrates a single core cable positioned along the x-axis and buried at depth h = 1m from the earth’s surface.
Line to ground fault at 100m, 500m, and 1000m along the length of the cable is considered. The cable carries IF as the fault current and M represents the magnetic field measurement line.
Fig 7.
and
measured along the line M for LGF at 100m.
The red dotted graphs represent magnetic flux densities when the cable is buried at h = 1m while the blue graph illustrates when the cable is buried at h = 1.5m.
Fig 8.
Distribution of on the earth’s surface for LGF at 100m with the cable buried at h = 1m.
Table 1.
Depth calculated using the Quotient Method for h = 1m, considering LGF, LCF, and LLF.
Fig 9.
Distribution of along line M for LGF at 500m when the cable is buried at h = 1m and h = 1.5m.
Fig 10.
Distribution of along line M for LGF at 1000m when the cable is buried at h = 1m and h = 1.5m.
Fig 11.
Distribution of at the earth’s surface for LGF at 500m with the cable buried at h = 1m.
Fig 12.
Distribution of at the earth’s surface for LGF at 1000m with the cable buried at h = 1m.
Table 2.
Outcomes of line to ground faults at 100m, 500m, and 1000m.
Fig 13.
Distribution of and
along lines M1 and M2 for LCF at 100m when the cable is buried at h = 1m and h = 1.5m.
Fig 14.
Distribution of and
along lines M1 and M2 for LCF at 500mm when the cable is buried at h = 1m and h = 1.5m.
Table 3.
Outcomes of leakage current faults (LCF) at 100m and 500m.
Fig 15.
Two single core short-circuited cables with line to line fault.
The cables are stationed along the x-axis and buried at depth h = 1m, maintaining a separation of d = 0.3m. LLF at 100m, 500m, and 1000m are shown by Fa, Fb, and Fc.
Fig 16.
and
measured along line M for LLF at 100m.
The blue graphs represent magnetic flux densities when the cable is buried at h = 1m and the red dotted graph illustrates when the cable is buried at h = 1.5m.
Fig 17.
Surface plot of for LLF at 100m with the cables at a depth of h = 1m.
Fig 18.
measured along line M for LLF at 500m with cables buried at a depth of h = 1m and h = 1.5m.
Fig 19.
measured along line M for LLF at 1000m with cables buried at a depth of h = 1m and h = 1.5m.
Table 4.
Outcomes of line to line faults at 100m, 500m, and 1000m.
Fig 20.
Percentage error in the calculated fault distance for LGF, LLF, and LCF at cable depths of h = 1m and h = 1.5m.
Fig 21.
Single-core cable buried along the x-axis at a depth of 2cm from the top of the wooden box.
Fig 22.
Measurement of grounding resistance.
The potential (P) and current (C) leads are connected between the respective rods and the tester, while the earth (E) lead connects the tester to the earth pit.
Fig 23.
Experimental setup for LGF localization.
Fig 24.
and
measured along line M for LGF at 90m.
Fig 25.
Experimental setup for the LLF localization.
Fig 26.
and
measured along line M for LLF at 45m.
The blue dotted graphs represent magnetic flux density of and the red dotted graph illustrates
when the cable is buried at h = 2.3cm.