Fig 1.
Map of the study area (Source: Developed by the researchers from ArcGIS 10.4) (2024).
Fig 2.
Monthly mean temperature and rainfall in the study Monthly mean temperature and rainfall in the study (Source: Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency of Gambella station).
Fig 3.
Research flow chart (Source: Developed by the researcher (2023).
Table 1.
Test of normality and homogeneity of equal variance for soil physical and chemical properties in slope position and soil depth.
Table 3.
Two-way ANOVA results for the interaction effects of slope position and soil depth on soil chemical properties in the Achewa irrigated area.
Fig 4.
Spatial distribution of soil pH in the study area (Source: Developed by the researchers from ArcGIS 10.4) (2024).
Fig 5.
Spatial distribution of OM in the study (Source: Developed by the researchers from ArcGIS 10.4) (2024).
Table 5.
Results of the two-way ANOVA showing the main effects of slope position and soil depth on soil chemical properties in the Achewa irrigated area.
Table 2.
Two-way ANOVA results for the interaction effects of slope position and soil depth on soil physical properties in the Achewa irrigated area.
Table 4.
Two-way ANOVA results showing the interaction effects of slope position and soil depth on chemical properties of soil in the Achewa irrigated area.
Table 6.
Results of the two-way ANOVA showing the main effects of slope position and soil depth on soil chemical properties in the Achewa irrigated area.
Fig 6.
Spatial distribution of TN in the study (Source: Developed by the researchers from ArcGIS 10.4) (2024).
Fig 7.
Spatial distribution of available phosphorus in the study area (Source: Developed by the researchers from ArcGIS 10.4) (2024).
Table 7.
Two-way ANOVA results showing the interaction effects of slope position and soil depth on chemical properties of soil in the Achewa irrigated area.
Fig 8.
Spatial distribution of Cation exchange capacity (Source: Developed by the researchers from ArcGIS 10.4) (2024).
Fig 9.
Spatial distribution of percent base saturation (Source: Developed by the researchers from ArcGIS 10.4) (2024).
Table 8.
Results of the two-way ANOVA showing the main effects of slope position and soil depth on micro nutrient properties in the Achewa irrigated area.
Table 9.
Two-way ANOVA results showing the interaction effects of slope position and soil depth on micro nutrient properties of soil in the Achewa irrigated area.
Table 10.
Interaction effects of slope and soil depth on extractable micro nutrient of soil in Achewa irrigated area.
Table 11.
Principal component analysis of soil parameters.
Fig 10.
Bi-plot of the two PCA (Source: Developed from laboratory data (2024).