Table 1.
Formulation and chemical composition of the experimental diets for juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) (g/kg, dry matter basis).
Table 2.
Primers used for gene expression analysis.
Table 3.
Growth performance, feed utilization and survival of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) fed different vitamin E levels incorporated into the diets for 56 days.
Fig 1.
Broken-line analysis of the relationship between dietary vitamin E level and growth performance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).
(A) The regression analysis between weight gain (%) and dietary vitamin E level; (B) The regression analysis between specific growth rate (%) and dietary vitamin E level. Data represent the means of four replicates in each treatment (n = 4): X represents the optimum dietary vitamin E requirement.
Table 4.
Non-specific immune responses and lipid peroxidation status of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) fed different vitamin E levels incorporated into the diets for 56 days.
Fig 2.
Immune and antioxidant-related gene expressions of Crustin, cytosolic-manganese superoxide dismutase (C-MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) fed graded levels of vitamin E for 56 days.
The experimental diets were formulated to contain vitamin E at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 240 mg/kg (designated as VE0, VE20, VE40, VE60, VE80, VE100, VE120 and VE240, respectively). Bars with different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
Table 5.
Tissue vitamin E concentrations (μg/g) of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) fed different vitamin E levels incorporated into the diets for 56 days.
Table 6.
Intestinal morphology and nutrient digestibility of the diets of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).
Fig 3.
The intestinal histomorphology of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) fed different levels of vitamin E (DL-α-tocopherol acetate) incorporated into the diet for 56 days.
Representative histological images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of intestines were obtained under 40× magnification of the light microscope. The experimental diets were formulated to contain vitamin E at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 240 mg/kg (designated as VE0, VE20, VE40, VE60, VE80, VE100, VE120 and VE240, respectively). villi height (VH); villi width (VW); submucosa thickness (SM).
Fig 4.
Survival of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) challenged against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (2.8 x 106 CFU/mL) for 240 h at the end of the 56-day feeding trial.
The experimental diets were formulated to contain vitamin E at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 240 mg/kg (designated as VE0, VE20, VE40, VE60, VE80, VE100, VE120 and VE240, respectively).