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Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Training and Testing Cohorts.

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Table 1 Expand

Fig 1.

Optimization Performance Comparison of Metaheuristic Algorithms.

Note: Box plots illustrating optimization stability and robustness across CEC2022 test functions over 30 independent runs.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

Convergence Behavior Comparison.

Note: Convergence trajectories demonstrating search efficiency and local optima avoidance capabilities.

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Fig 2 Expand

Table 2.

Cross-validation performance metrics on the training set.

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Table 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Training Set Performance Evaluation.

Note: (A) ROC curve; (B) Precision-Recall curve.

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Fig 3 Expand

Table 3.

Internal validation performance metrics.

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Table 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Testing Set Classification Performance.

Note: (A) ROC curve; (B) Precision-Recall curve.

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Fig 4 Expand

Fig 5.

Machine learning interpretability visualization.

Note: (A) SHAP summary plot; (B) SHAP feature importance ranking; (C) Heat map of SHAP interaction.

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Fig 5 Expand

Fig 6.

Decision curve analysis for predictive models.

Note: (A) Training set; (B) Testing set. Net benefit (Y-axis) calculated against two extreme scenarios: “treat all” (red dashed) and “treat none” (black dashed).

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

Clinical decision support system interface.

Note: The interface integrates feature entry (“Input Parameters”), predictive computation (“Calculate”), and risk output (“Prediction Results”) modules.

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Fig 7 Expand