Fig 1.
Monthly rainfall and temperature distribution during the barley growing seasons in 2019 and 2020 study years.
Table 1.
Details of experimental treatments.
Table 2.
Comparison of thousand grain weight after anthesis.
Fig 2.
Grain dry weight after anthesis for plants irrigated once (a & c) and plants irrigated twice (b & d) under different fertilizer treatment in 2019 (a & b) and 2020 (c & d).
T1, no fertilization; T2, fertilization with the recommended nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); T3, fertilization with 85% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 30% bio-organic fertilizer; T4, fertilization with 70% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 60% bio-organic fertilizer; T5, 55% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 90% bio-organic fertilizer.
Fig 3.
Grain filling rate after anthesis for plants irrigated once (a & c) and plants irrigated twice (b & d) under different fertilizer treatment in 2019 (a & b) and 2020 (c & d).
T1, no fertilization; T2, fertilization with the recommended nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); T3, fertilization with 85% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 30% bio-organic fertilizer; T4, fertilization with 70% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 60% bio-organic fertilizer; T5, 55% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 90% bio-organic fertilizer.
Table 3.
Characteristic parameters in grain filling stage of all treatments under different irrigation volume.
Table 4.
Correlation coefficient between grain filling parameters and 1000-grain weight.
Fig 4.
Effects of irrigation volume and fertilizer application on highland barley partial factor productivity from applied fertilizer during 2019 and 2020 study year.
T1, no fertilization; T2, fertilization with the recommended nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); T3, fertilization with 85% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 30% bio-organic fertilizer; T4, fertilization with 70% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 60% bio-organic fertilizer; T5, 55% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 90% bio-organic fertilizer. Different small letters on each column graph indicate significant differences among the treatments at 0.05 level. The same below.
Fig 5.
Effects of irrigation volume and fertilizer application on highland barley yield.
T1, no fertilization; T2, fertilization with the recommended nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); T3, fertilization with 85% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 30% bio-organic fertilizer; T4, fertilization with 70% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 60% bio-organic fertilizer; T5, 55% of the recommended N/P/K formula and 90% bio-organic fertilizer. Different small letters on each column graph indicate significant differences among the treatments at 0.05 levels.