Fig 1.
Acid tolerance patterns of LAB at different pH values after 3 and 6 hours of exposure.
Table 1.
Percentage survival of probiotic LAB at different pH levels and 0.3% bile salt.
Table 2.
Antimicrobial activities of LAB isolates against common foodborne pathogens.
Table 3.
Antibiotic susceptibility profile of potential probiotic LAB isolates.
Table 4.
Genomic features of Lactobacillus species used in genomic comparisons.
Table 5.
Potential probiotic strains sharing different classes of bacteriocin proteins.
Fig 2.
Stacked bar chart showing the distribution and frequency of each BGC type detected across the seven isolates.
Fig 3.
Identification of plantaricin-like peptides and associated transport and secretion proteins (LanT, Glys, HlyD, BmbF, and ABC transporters) using BAGEL4 in Lactobacillus plantarum strains K122, K135, and K072.
Fig 4.
Identification of plantaricin-like peptides and associated transport and secretion proteins (LanT, Glys, HlyD, BmbF, and ABC transporters) using BAGEL4 in Lactobacillus plantarum strains K072 and K070.
Fig 5.
Identification of plantaricin-like peptides and associated transport and secretion proteins (LanT, Glys, HlyD, BmbF, and ABC transporters) using BAGEL4 in Lactobacillus plantarum strains K040 and K070.
Fig 6.
Heat map illustrating the presence and absence of key probiotic-associated functional genes and protein domains across all isolates.
Domains related to stress tolerance adhesion, protein folding, and bile salt resistance are shown, highlighting strain-level variation in functional potential.
Table 6.
Glycoside hydrolase profiles of the isolated strains.
Fig 7.
Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on single-copy core genes from the seven study isolates and representative Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Levilactobacillus brevis genomes.
The seven study isolates are highlighted in green. Pediococcus pentosaceus was used as the outgroup.
Table 7.
Antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors predictions.