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Table 1.

Parameter settings for DME and liquid ammonia KH-RT models.

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Table 1 Expand

Table 2.

Simulation conditions of liquid ammonia spray.

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Table 2 Expand

Fig 1.

Gas-phase and liquid-phase ammonia spray penetration distances.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

Simulation and test result comparison of liquid ammonia spray morphologies.

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Fig 2 Expand

Table 3.

Simulation conditions of DME spray.

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Table 3 Expand

Fig 3.

Gas-phase and liquid-phase DME spray penetration distances under non-combustion conditions.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Ignition delay period and flame lift-off lengths under different conditions.

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Fig 4 Expand

Table 4.

Chamber specifications.

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Table 4 Expand

Table 5.

Simulation conditions.

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Table 5 Expand

Fig 5.

Schematic diagram of geometric model of the constant volume bomb and fuel injector position.

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Fig 5 Expand

Table 6.

Fuel mass under different ammonia energy ratios.

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Table 6 Expand

Fig 6.

Temperature contours across injector spacings.

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

Spatial distribution of OH radicals.

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Fig 7 Expand

Fig 8.

Spatial distribution of NH₂ radicals.

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Fig 8 Expand

Fig 9.

Spatial distribution of NO radicals.

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Fig 9 Expand

Fig 10.

Spatial distribution of NO₂ radicals.

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Fig 10 Expand

Fig 11.

OH Radical Evolution at Varied Inter-Injector Distances.

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Fig 11 Expand

Fig 12.

NH₂ Formation Dynamics Across Injector Spacing Configurations.

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Fig 12 Expand

Fig 13.

NOx Emission Trends Versus Injector Separation Distance.

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Fig 13 Expand

Fig 14.

Combustion phasing under different fuel injector distances.

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Fig 14 Expand

Fig 15.

NOx Production Rates as Functions of Nozzle Spacing.

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Fig 15 Expand

Fig 16.

Maximum temperature.

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Fig 16 Expand

Fig 17.

Heat Release Rate.

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Fig 17 Expand

Fig 18.

Temperature contours across injector angles.

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Fig 18 Expand

Fig 19.

Spatial distribution of OH radicals.

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Fig 19 Expand

Fig 20.

Spatial distribution of NH₂ radicals.

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Fig 20 Expand

Fig 21.

Spatial distribution of NO radicals.

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Fig 21 Expand

Fig 22.

Spatial distribution of NO₂ radicals.

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Fig 22 Expand

Fig 23.

OH concentration profiles across varying fuel injector angles.

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Fig 23 Expand

Fig 24.

NH₂ radical concentration profiles across varying fuel injector angles.

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Fig 24 Expand

Fig 25.

Temporal evolution of NOx concentration across varying fuel injector angles.

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Fig 25 Expand

Fig 26.

Combustion phasing under different injection angles.

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Fig 26 Expand

Fig 27.

Cumulative NOx production across varying fuel injector angles.

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Fig 27 Expand

Fig 28.

Maximum temperature.

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Fig 28 Expand

Fig 29.

Heat Release Rate.

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Fig 29 Expand

Fig 30.

Temperature distributions under varying liquid ammonia energy shares.

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Fig 30 Expand

Fig 31.

Spatial distribution of OH radicals.

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Fig 31 Expand

Fig 32.

Spatial distribution of NH₂ radicals.

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Fig 32 Expand

Fig 33.

Spatial distribution of NO radicals.

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Fig 33 Expand

Fig 34.

Spatial distribution of NO₂ radicals.

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Fig 34 Expand

Fig 35.

Temporal profiles of OH radicals across ammonia energy fractions.

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Fig 35 Expand

Fig 36.

Temporal profiles of NH₂ radicals across ammonia energy fractions.

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Fig 36 Expand

Fig 37.

Temporal evolution of NOx concentration across ammonia energy fractions.

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Fig 37 Expand

Fig 38.

Combustion phasing under different ammonia energy fractions.

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Fig 38 Expand

Fig 39.

Cumulative NOx production across ammonia energy fractions.

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Fig 39 Expand

Fig 40.

Maximum temperature.

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Fig 40 Expand

Fig 41.

Heat Release Rate.

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Fig 41 Expand