Table 1.
Parameter settings for DME and liquid ammonia KH-RT models.
Table 2.
Simulation conditions of liquid ammonia spray.
Fig 1.
Gas-phase and liquid-phase ammonia spray penetration distances.
Fig 2.
Simulation and test result comparison of liquid ammonia spray morphologies.
Table 3.
Simulation conditions of DME spray.
Fig 3.
Gas-phase and liquid-phase DME spray penetration distances under non-combustion conditions.
Fig 4.
Ignition delay period and flame lift-off lengths under different conditions.
Table 4.
Chamber specifications.
Table 5.
Simulation conditions.
Fig 5.
Schematic diagram of geometric model of the constant volume bomb and fuel injector position.
Table 6.
Fuel mass under different ammonia energy ratios.
Fig 6.
Temperature contours across injector spacings.
Fig 7.
Spatial distribution of OH radicals.
Fig 8.
Spatial distribution of NH₂ radicals.
Fig 9.
Spatial distribution of NO radicals.
Fig 10.
Spatial distribution of NO₂ radicals.
Fig 11.
OH Radical Evolution at Varied Inter-Injector Distances.
Fig 12.
NH₂ Formation Dynamics Across Injector Spacing Configurations.
Fig 13.
NOx Emission Trends Versus Injector Separation Distance.
Fig 14.
Combustion phasing under different fuel injector distances.
Fig 15.
NOx Production Rates as Functions of Nozzle Spacing.
Fig 16.
Maximum temperature.
Fig 17.
Heat Release Rate.
Fig 18.
Temperature contours across injector angles.
Fig 19.
Spatial distribution of OH radicals.
Fig 20.
Spatial distribution of NH₂ radicals.
Fig 21.
Spatial distribution of NO radicals.
Fig 22.
Spatial distribution of NO₂ radicals.
Fig 23.
OH concentration profiles across varying fuel injector angles.
Fig 24.
NH₂ radical concentration profiles across varying fuel injector angles.
Fig 25.
Temporal evolution of NOx concentration across varying fuel injector angles.
Fig 26.
Combustion phasing under different injection angles.
Fig 27.
Cumulative NOx production across varying fuel injector angles.
Fig 28.
Maximum temperature.
Fig 29.
Heat Release Rate.
Fig 30.
Temperature distributions under varying liquid ammonia energy shares.
Fig 31.
Spatial distribution of OH radicals.
Fig 32.
Spatial distribution of NH₂ radicals.
Fig 33.
Spatial distribution of NO radicals.
Fig 34.
Spatial distribution of NO₂ radicals.
Fig 35.
Temporal profiles of OH radicals across ammonia energy fractions.
Fig 36.
Temporal profiles of NH₂ radicals across ammonia energy fractions.
Fig 37.
Temporal evolution of NOx concentration across ammonia energy fractions.
Fig 38.
Combustion phasing under different ammonia energy fractions.
Fig 39.
Cumulative NOx production across ammonia energy fractions.
Fig 40.
Maximum temperature.
Fig 41.
Heat Release Rate.