Fig 1.
The chemical studies of Arabian jasmine flower.
(A) Arabian jasmine flowers. (B) Experimental design for extracting Arabian jasmine flowers mimicking a traditional approach. These flowers were extracted in water by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by pressure-assisted extraction (PAE). (C) GC chromatogram with MS spectra of Arabian jasmine showing linalool and benzaldehyde. Retention time (Rt time) is the amount of time a compound spends in the GC column before being detected by MS. The % area indicates the relative amount of each compound based on the size of its peak in the GC chromatogram.
Fig 2.
Influence of sex and strain on the behavioral effects of Arabian jasmine.
The effect of Arabian jasmine on (A) exploratory behaviors (bottom distance, center distance, percent of exploration, and distance travelled) and (B) social behaviors (attack time and parallel swim time) in AB and WIK zebrafish based on dose (0, 5, 10,20 mg kg-1) and sex. The effect of Arabian jasmine on (C) exploratory behaviors and (D) social behaviors in TL zebrafish given either vehicle or 10 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine. Boxplots indicate median (center line), interquartile range (box ends), and hinge±1.5 times the interquartile range (whiskers). *p < 0.05, †p < 0.10 from Dunnett’s post-hoc in comparison to the 0 mg kg-1 group (Figs 2A and2B). *p < 0.05, †p < 0.10 from pairwise t-test with FDR correction within group (Figs 2C and 2D). AB females: n’s = 15,16,16,16 for 0, 5,10, and 20 mg kg-1, respectively. AB males: n’s = 16,16,16, 14 for 0,5,10, and 20 mg kg-1, respectively. WIK female: n’s = 16,16,15,15 for 0,5,10, and 20 mg kg-1, respectively. WIK male: n’s = 16,16,16,12 for 0,5,10, and 20 mg kg-1, respectively. TL female and males: n’s = 16.
Fig 3.
Personality profiling in AB zebrafish based on boldness and activity.
(A) Histogram of boldness index, and (B) activity index on day 1 of exposure to the novel tank. The dashed line is the median. (C) Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ) with 95% confidence intervals across boldness index and activity index. Female: n = 72. Male: n = 73.
Fig 4.
Influence of boldness on the behavioral effects of Arabian jasmine.
(A) Exploratory behaviors on day 2 in bold animals given either vehicle or 10 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine. (B) Change in behavior between the first and second days of exploratory behaviors in bold animals given either vehicle or 10 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine. Boxplots indicate median (center line), interquartile range (box ends), and hinge±1.5 times the interquartile range (whiskers). *p < 0.05, †p < 0.10 from pairwise t-test with FDR correction within group. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, †p < 0.10 compared to zero using one-sample t-tests with FDR corrections. Bold female: n = 19 vehicle (0 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine); n = 16 Arabian jasmine (10 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine). Shy female: n = 17 vehicle; n = 20 Arabian jasmine. Bold male: n = 21 vehicle; n = 15 Arabian jasmine. Shy male: n = 15 vehicle; n = 22 Arabian jasmine.
Fig 5.
Influence of activity on the behavioral effects of Arabian jasmine.
(A) Exploratory behaviors on day 2 based on activity levels in animals given either vehicle or 10 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine. (B) Change in behavior between the first and second days of exploratory behaviors based on activity levels in animals given either vehicle or 10 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine. Boxplots indicate median (center line), interquartile range (box ends), and hinge±1.5 times the interquartile range (whiskers). *p < 0.05, †p < 0.10 from pairwise t-test with FDR correction within group. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, †p < 0.10 compared to zero using one-sample t-tests with FDR corrections. High activity females: n = 19 vehicle (0 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine); n = 16 Arabian jasmine (10 mg kg-1 Arabian jasmine). Low activity females: n = 17 vehicle; n = 20 Arabian jasmine. High activity males: n = 20 vehicle; n = 16 Arabian jasmine. Low-activity males: n = 16 vehicle; n = 21 Arabian jasmine.