Fig 1.
Study identification, screening and selection process [45].
Table 1.
Sample of key study characteristics (n = 20).
Fig 2.
“Traffic light” plot of the domain-level risk of bias judgements for RCTs.
Fig 3.
Weighted bar plots of the distribution of risk of bias judgements within each bias domain for RCTs.
Table 2.
Quality assessment of the included studies (n = 20) using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool [32].
Fig 4.
Forest plot of the effect of exogenous melatonin or ramelteon on ICU length of stay with disease-specific subgroups.
Fig 5.
Baujat plot for ICU length of stay illustrating the influence of each study on the pooled results and their contribution to overall heterogeneity.
Fig 6.
Contour-enhanced funnel plot of the effect of exogenous melatonin or ramelteon on ICU length of stay with disease-specific subgroups.
Fig 7.
Forest plot of the effect of exogenous melatonin or ramelteon on hospital length of stay.
Fig 8.
Baujat plot for hospital length of stay illustrating the influence of each study on the pooled results and their contribution to overall heterogeneity.
Fig 9.
Contour-enhanced funnel plot of the effect of exogenous melatonin or ramelteon on hospital length of stay.
Table 3.
Level of evidence assessment per review outcome.