Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (mean + SD). Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR):Shi < 1, Xu > 1 (P < 0.01).
Fig 1.
Total ion chromatograms of QC samples in positive (A) and negative (B) ion modes; proportions of characteristic peaks with relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 30% in quality control (QC) samples in positive (C) and negative (D) ion modes.
Fig 2.
Overlaid total ion current (TIC) curves (A), zoomed region (RT 5–10 min) highlighting key peaks (B).
Fig 3.
sPLS-DA scores of the healthy, shi obesity, and xu obesity groups (healthy group: H – red; shi obesity group: S – green; xu obesity group: X – blue) in positive (A) and negative (B) ion modes.
Fig 4.
Multivariate statistical analysis.
OPLS-DA scores of each control group in positive and negative ion modes: healthy group vs. shi obesity group (A, B), healthy group vs. xu obesity group (C, D), and shi obesity group vs. xu obesity group (E, F) (healthy group: H – red; shi obesity group: S – blue; xu obesity group: X – green). Two hundred displacement test charts for each control group in positive and negative ion modes: healthy group vs. shi obesity group (G, H), healthy group vs. xu obesity group (I, J), and shi obesity group vs. xu obesity group (K, L). S-plots for each control group in positive and negative ion modes: healthy group vs. shi obesity group (M, N), healthy group vs. xu obesity group (O, P), and shi obesity group vs. xu obesity group (Q, R) (red circles indicate metabolites with VIP ≥ 1).
Table 2.
Potential biomarkers in healthy individuals and those with different obesity syndromes. (VIP ≥ 1, P < 0.05).
Fig 5.
Differentially abundant metabolite cluster analysis heat map (A).
Pathway analysis of differentially abundant metabolites (B). Enrichment analysis of differentially abundant metabolites (C). Correlation heatmap of differentially abundant metabolites (D) (red and blue indicate positive and negative correlation, respectively).
Table 3.
Three important related metabolic pathways in healthy individuals and those with different obesity syndromes.