Fig 1.
Basic and Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) signal functions from 1997 to present.
Fig 2.
Delphi study flow embedded in the wider context of the Re-Visioning EmONC Project.
Fig 3.
Flowchart of completed Delphi rounds to build consensus on EmONC signal functions and levels of care showing survey attrition across rounds.
Fig 4.
Map showing countries where respondent have the most experience working in maternal and newborn health (n = 113).
Reprinted from https://mapchart.net under a CC BY 4.0, with permission from www.mapchart.net, original copyright 2014.
Fig 5.
Participants’ views on whether emergency and routine care should be covered by the revised signal functions (n = 212) (more than one response option possible so percentages >100).
Fig 6.
Participants’ views on optimal number of levels of care for women and newborns with complications (n = 212).
Table 1.
Delphi participants’ professional group(s).
Table 2.
Participants’ experience working in different WHO regions.
Table 3.
Participants who completed obstetric, newborn or both sections of survey.
Fig 7.
Emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) signal functions by three levels of care: A prototype for Round Three of the Delphi study.
Fig 8.
Bar graph showing participants’ opinion on using three levels of care as shown in the round three prototype (n = 113).
Fig 9.
Delphi participants agreement with proposed placement of signal functions at different levels of care (n = 113).
Fig 10.
Emergency obstetric signal functions for the revised EmONC framework.
⚡Lack of consensus in Delphi – resolved through discussion at technical workshops or with specific technical experts. ✅ Consensus from Delphi on signal function and level of care (more >85% agreement) ↩ Moved to different level or adapted following technical discussions. ✴Added following technical discussions. ✂Removed before R3 based on technical discussion.
Fig 11.
Emergency newborn signal functions for the revised EmONC framework.
⚡Lack of consensus in Delphi – discussed at technical workshops or discussed with technical experts. ✅ Consensus from Delphi on signal function and level of care (more >85% agreement). ↩ Moved to different level or adapted following technical discussions. ✴Added following technical discussions. ✂Removed before R3 based on technical discussions.
Fig 12.
Basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) signal functions 2025.
Reprinted from https://emonc.org under a CC BY 4.0, with permission from Averting Maternal Death and Disability (AMDD), original copyright 2025.