Fig 1.
Location of (a) the upper-stream area of Yellow River watershed, (b) the Tongde Basin, and (c) the sampling sites of groundwater.
(The map was created via ArcGIS 10.2 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/resources) based on the publicly available landsat 8 collection 2 level 2 data from Geospatial Data Cloud site, Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.gscloud.cn)).
Table 1.
Summary of groundwater physicochemical indexes within the Tongde basin.
Fig 2.
Piper trilinear diagram demonstrating groundwater hydrochemical composition within the study area.
Fig 3.
Scatter plots of (a) Na+/(Na++Ca2+) versus TDS, and (b) Cl-/(Cl- + HCO3-) versus TDS, (c) Na+ versus Cl-, (d) SO42- versus Ca2+, (e) HCO3- versus Ca2+, (f) CAI-1 versus CAI-2, (g) (Na++K+-Cl-) versus (Ca2++Mg2+-HCO3--SO42-), and (h) NO3- versus TDS of groundwater within the study area.
Fig 4.
Groundwater hydrochemical analysis plots of (a) correlation coefficients between various physicochemical parameters, and end-member diagram of (b) Ca2+/Na+ versus Mg2+/Na+, and (c) Ca2+/Na+ versus HCO3-/Na+ within the study area.
Fig 5.
Scatter plots of (a) Sr content versus TDS, (b) 87Sr/86Sr versus 1/Sr, (c) Sr versus Ca2+, (d) Sr/Na+ versus Cl-, (e) 87Sr/86Sr versus Sr/Na+, (f) 87Sr/86Sr versus Sr/Cl- of groundwater within the Tongde Basin.
Fig 6.
Visualization of groundwater quality, including (a) scatter plots of EWQI value versus TDS, (b) spatial distribution of groundwater quality based on EWQI assessment within the Tongde Basin. (The map was created via ArcGIS 10.2 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/resources) based on the publicly available ASTER GDEMV2 data from Geospatial Data Cloud site, Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.gscloud.cn)).
Fig 7.
The violin plots of HQ posed by (a) NH4+, (b) NO2-, (c) NO3-, and (d) HI of groundwater within the Tongde Basin.
Fig 8.
Spatial distribution of overall non-carcinogenic risk (HI) for (a) infants, (b) Children, (c) adult females, and (d) adult males posed by potential harmful substances of groundwater within the Tongde Basin.
(The map was created via ArcGIS 10.2 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/resources) based on the publicly available ASTER GDEMV2 data from Geospatial Data Cloud site, Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.gscloud.cn)).