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Table 1.

Variable definitions.

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Table 2.

Descriptive statistics.

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Table 3.

Correlation coefficient.

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Table 4.

Baseline regressions.

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Table 5.

Change variables.

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Table 6.

Change models.

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Table 7.

Cluster at the city level.

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Table 8.

Persistent test.

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Table 9.

Eliminate the influence of other factors.

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Table 10.

The result of using American robots as IV.

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Table 11.

The result of using European robots as IV.

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Table 12.

Mechanism test results.

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Table 13.

Heterogeneity analysis results.

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