Table 1.
Variable definitions.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics.
Table 3.
Correlation coefficient.
Table 4.
Baseline regressions.
Table 5.
Change variables.
Table 6.
Change models.
Table 7.
Cluster at the city level.
Table 8.
Persistent test.
Table 9.
Eliminate the influence of other factors.
Table 10.
The result of using American robots as IV.
Table 11.
The result of using European robots as IV.
Table 12.
Mechanism test results.
Table 13.
Heterogeneity analysis results.