Table 1.
Coding example of interview transcripts.
Table 2.
The Application CoI Framework- Take lesson let’s go shopping as an example.
Table 3.
Demographic characteristics by group.
Table 4.
Descriptive statistics of VTS and VLM by group.
Table 5.
Normality test results for VTS and VLM measures by group.
Table 6.
Independent samples t-test results for vocabulary pre-test scores between groups.
Table 7.
Independent samples t-test results for vocabulary post-test scores between groups.
Table 8.
Paired samples t-test results of vocabulary pre-test and post-test scores in the control group.
Table 9.
Paired samples t-test results of vocabulary pre-test and post-test scores in the experimental group.
Table 10.
Independent samples t-test results for VLM pre-intervention scores between groups.
Table 11.
Independent samples t-test results for VLM post-intervention scores between groups.
Table 12.
Paired samples t-test results of VLM pre- and post-intervention scores in the control group.
Table 13.
Paired samples t-test results of VLM pre- and post-intervention scores in the experimental group.
Table 14.
Themes related to teaching presence.
Table 15.
Themes related to social presence.
Table 16.
Themes related to social presence.
Fig 1.
Conceptual framework for enhancing students VTS and VLM.
*Teaching Presence: D&O: Design & Organization; FD: Facilitating Discourse; DI: Direct Instruction; Social Presence: AE: Affective Expression; OC: Open Communication; GC: Group Cohesion; Cognitive Presence: TE: Triggering Event; E: Exploration; I: Integrate: R: Resolution.