Fig 1.
The hourly temperatures in the phytotron.
Table 1.
The average daily mean temperature, average daily minimum temperature, and average daily maximum temperature of each CK group of cultivated rice grown under natural conditions in 2023 and 2024.
Fig 2.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 3.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 4.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 5.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 6.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 7.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 8.
Effects of LTS on the production rate of O2-.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 9.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 10.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 11.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 12.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 13.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 14.
Effects of LTS on the soluble sugar.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 15.
Effects of LTS on the soluble protein.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Fig 16.
Effects of LTS on pollen viability.
(a)-(c) the variation trend of the tillering, booting and heading stages. CK, under natural conditions (control); T1, under LTS of 17.5°C; T2, under LTS of 13.5°C; T3, under LTS of 11.5°C. 3d, 7d and 10d were duration of LTS. Error bars represented Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters in lowercase indicated significant difference of the data in all treatments at P < 0.05.
Table 2.
Effect of LTS on grain yield and its components at different growth stages.
Fig 17.
The Pearson correlation matrix between Pn, MDA as well as yield and yield related parameters under LTS at tillering (T), booting (B), and heading (H) stages.
*, ** and *** represent the significant correlation at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively.
Fig 18.
The effect of LTS on chloroplast ultrastructure of rice at booting stage.
Chloroplast structure and thylakoid organization in control and LTS were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CK, under the natural conditions (control) for duration of 3, 7 and 10 days (A, B and C); T1, LTS of mean temperature 17.5°C for duration of 3, 7 and 10 days (D, E and F); T3, LTS of mean temperature 11.5°C for duration of 3, 7 and 10 days (G, H and I). G: granum; SL: stroma lamellae; GL: grana lamellae; SG: starch grain; OG: osmophilic gramules; CHM: chloroplast membrane. Bar = 500 nm.
Fig 19.
The Pearson correlation matrix between pollen viability as well as yield and yield related parameters under LTS.
*, ** and *** represent the significant correlation at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively.