Fig 1.
Images of E. foeminea (Arabic common name: Ala’andah) grown in its native habitat in the West Bank of Palestine.
Table 1.
Functional groups and their relative chemical shifts (ppm) obtained from 1H NMR spectra.
Table 2.
Relative proportion of compounds in the E. foeminea branch and fruit extracts based on integrated 1H NMR spectra regions. Results are based on the mean of three replicates ± SD.
Fig 2.
Representative 1D 1H NMR spectra of E. foeminea branches (red) and fruits (blue).
The upper left inset highlights the aromatic region (6.7–9.5 ppm), and the upper right inset highlights the methylene region (1.5–3 ppm).
Fig 3.
Graphical representation of the mean ratios of integrated regions from the NMR spectra of E. foeminea branch and fruit extracts.
Fig 4.
1D 13C solid-state NMR spectra of E. foeminea branches (red) and fruits (blue).
Fig 5.
Percentage ratios of integrated regions from 13C solid-state NMR spectra of E. foeminea branch and fruit powders.
Data are based on a single measurement performed for chemical fingerprinting purposes; therefore, statistical analysis was not applicable.
Table 3.
Summary of the main identified phytochemical components of E. foeminea branches and fruit extract, and their main class and sub-class according to the different analytical methods.
Fig 6.
Percentage of DPPH scavenging activity of E. foeminea branch and fruit extracts.
Fig 7.
Total phenolic content of E. foeminea branch and fruit extracts.
Table 4.
IC50 values of E. foeminea fruit and branch aqueous extract against MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines expressed in µg/mL.
Fig 8.
Viability of HeLa, MCF-7, and Hek 295 cell lines treated with varying concentrations of E. foeminea branch aqueous extract.
Fig 9.
Viability of HeLa, MCF-7, and Hek 295 cell lines treated with varying concentrations of E. foeminea fruit aqueous extract.
Table 5.
Summary of tentatively identified phytochemicals in E. foeminea fruits and branch extracts and their reported anticancer activities.
Table 6.
Free energy binding scores (kcal/mol) of E. foeminea fruit compounds docked against breast cancer protein (PDB ID: 1HK7), HeLa protein (PDB ID: 6I2I), and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (PDB ID: 6LU7).
Table 7.
Free energy binding scores (kcal/mol) of E. foeminea branch compounds docked against the breast cancer protein (PDB ID: 1HK7), HeLa protein (PDB ID: 6I2I), and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (PDB ID: 6LU7).
Fig 10.
2D and 3D interaction profiles of the henryoside ligand with breast cancer protein (PDB ID: 1HK7), HeLa cancer protein (PDB ID: 6I2I), and SARS-CoV-2 main protease (PDB ID: 6LU7).