Table 1.
Descriptive statistics at baseline assessment (2008) and intercorrelations for study measures.
Table 2.
Growth models of mental health (depressive symptoms) and functional health.
Fig 1.
Illustrating the between-person association (black line) and within-person association (red line) of hearing problems with depressive symptoms and functional health.
The green lines illustrate individual associations of all study participants. Single green points which are not connected to other points represent individuals who only took part once in the survey and thus provided no longitudinal information The x-axis shows the extent of hearing problems, ranging from 1 (no problems) to 4 (hearing impossible). Left figure (A): Individuals with overall poorer hearing report more depressive symptoms (black line), and on measurement occasions when individuals report more hearing problems, they exhibit more depressive symptoms (red line). Right figure (B): Illustrating the between-person association (black line) and within-person association (red line) of hearing problems with functional health. Individuals with overall poorer self-reported hearing do not differ from individuals with better hearing regarding their functional health (black line), but on measurement occasions when individuals report more hearing problems, they also report poorer functional health (red line).
Fig 2.
The moderating effect of age on the association between SPA related to ongoing development and depressive symptoms.
Chronologically older individuals report lower levels of depressive symptoms than chronologically younger individuals. Higher scores on SPA of ongoing development are related to lower depressive symptoms, and this association is stronger among chronologically older individuals. The range of the y-scale of this figure was restricted to 0-10 for a better illustration of the age moderation effect. SPA = Self-perceptions of aging.
Fig 3.
The moderating effect of age on the association between SPA related to ongoing development and functional health and on the association between SPA related to physical loss and functional health.
Left figure (A): Chronologically older individuals report poorer functional health than chronologically younger individuals. Higher scores on SPA of ongoing development are related to better functional health, and this association is stronger among chronologically older individuals. Right figure (B): Chronologically older individuals report poorer functional health than chronologically younger individuals. Higher scores on SPA of physical loss are related to poorer functional health, particularly among chronologically older adults. SPA = Self-perceptions of aging.
Fig 4.
The moderating effect of SPA related to physical loss on the association between hearing problems and functional health.
Higher scores of SPA of physical loss are associated with poorer functional health. Only among those with higher SPA of physical loss scores, more hearing problems are associated with poorer functional health. SPA = Self-perceptions of aging.