Table 1.
Impact of CNCFs on rice and cereal production in Bangladesh, Asia, and the rest of the world.
Fig 1.
Workflow of time series modeling for impact assessment of CNCFs on YBR in Bangladesh.
Table 2.
Variable description.
Table 3.
Summary statistics of the considered time series variables.
Fig 2.
Time series plot of the variables BRP, ABR, YBR, ATBS, ARBS, AHBS, POP, FC, and EC.
Table 4.
Stationarity testing of the time series variables using ADF and PP tests.
Table 5.
Stationarity testing of the time series variables in the presence of a single SB using the Zivot-Andrews Unit Root Test.
Table 6.
Stationarity testing of the time series variables in the presence of multiple SB using the Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test. In tables SB(1) and SB(2) represent the year of the first and second SB, respectively.
Table 7.
Pairwise correlation of the Time series variables BRP, ABR, YBR, ATBS, ARBS, AHBS, POP, FC, and EC.
Table 8.
ARDL bound test results for cointegration.
Fig 3.
Cointegration plot of observed versus predicted YBR.
Table 9.
Results of long-run relationships based on ECM following the ARDL (4, 2, 4, 0, 2) model, where YBR is the dependent variable.
Table 10.
Results of short-run dynamics based on ECM following ARDL (4, 2, 4, 0, 2) model where YBR is the dependent variable.
Table 11.
Results of the model diagnostic test statistic.
Fig 4.
CUSUM plot for model stability checking.
Table 12.
Results of the Granger causality analysis of YBR on the CNCFs.
Table 13.
Regression analysis of YBR on PC1 and PC2 scores.
Fig 5.
Figure A represents the biplot of the CNCFs for PC1 and PC2, and Figure B represents the contribution of the CNCFs to PC1.