Fig 1.
CONSORT flowchart of the study.
Fig 2.
Pressure pain threshold and pressure pain tolerance measurements.
A: Digital algometer pain diagnostic gauge; B: Test points at the dominant forearm.
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the participants in the two groups.
Fig 3.
Comparison of NRS scores for rest incision, moving incision, and visceral pain between Group E and Group C at each postoperative time point.
NRS: Numeric Rating Scale.
Table 2.
Comparison of cumulative pain NRS scores.
Table 3.
Usage of the PCIA pump.
Fig 4.
Comparison of preoperative and postoperative PPT and PTO between the groups.
PPT: pressure pain threshold, PTO: pressure pain tolerance.
Table 4.
Comparison of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders between the groups.
Fig 5.
Comparison of serum CRP concentrations between the groups.
CRP: C-reactive protein.
Fig 6.
Multivariate regression analysis related to the maximum pain NRS.
NRS: numerical rating scale.
Table 5.
Comparison of the incidence of drug-related side effects between the groups.