Fig 1.
Geomorphology of the study area and its surrounding, and sampling points (modified after Siddique et al., 2021 [33]).
Fig 2.
Energy calibration curve of the HPGe detector.
Fig 3.
Efficiency calibration curve of the HPGe detector.
Table 1.
Activity Concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in Soil Samples with Associated Uncertainties.
Table 2.
Comparison of the range (average) of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K activity concentrations in soil from industrial areas across different countries with the findings of the present study.
Table 3.
Radiological hazard parameters for soil samples in the current study.
Fig 4.
Map of the spatial distribution of total effective dose in the studied area, produced using inverse distance weighting (IDW) in ArcMap 10.2 [14,82].
Table 4.
Statistical overview of NORMs in Study Samples.
Fig 5.
Histogram of Frequency Distribution for (a) 226Ra; (b) 232Th; (c) 40K.
Fig 6.
Pearson correlation between NORM and related radioactive variables.
Fig 7.
(a) 3D PCA Loading Plot of Radiological Parameters; (b) 2D PCA Biplot of Radiological Parameters and Sampling Locations; (c) HCA Dendrogram of Radiological Parameters; (d) HCA Dendrogram of Sampling Locations.
Table 5.
Rotated loading values of radioactive variables from PCs BIPLOT ANALYSIS.
Table 6.
Overall ANOVA for radionuclide levels across the Kalurghat and Bayazid industrial sites.
Fig 8.
Box plots showing the variation of (a) 226Ra; (b) 232Th; (c) 40K with sampling locations.