Fig 1.
Patient specific 3D Model of the CoW.
(a) Posterior view of the segmented CoW derived from patient-specific TOF-MRA data, showing inflow and outflow ports. (b) Anterior view of finalized 3D printing model, consisting of the segmented CoW connected to the cuboid enclosure. CoW: Circle of Willis, TOF-MRA: Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography.
Fig 2.
Silicone replica of the patient-specific CoW including inflows and outflows.
(a) Anterior perspective. (b) Anterior-caudal perspective. CoW: Circle of Willis.
Fig 3.
Median absolute deviation between the surfaces of the replicas (R1-R3) and the segmented patient vasculature (R0).
The deviations are analyzed across the entire CoW and the areas of the aneurysms. The bars represent the median absolute deviation for each model, with error bars indicating the interquartile ranges. CoW: Circle of Willis. All dimensions are given in µm.
Table 1.
Median absolute deviation of the comparison between the surfaces of the replicas (R1-R3) and the segmented patient vasculature (R0) for the entire CoW and the four aneurysms of the model.
Fig 4.
Course of the four evaluated centerlines and heat maps for the deviation in the area of the aneurysms overlaid on the segmented patient vasculature.
The orange lines represent the centerlines for: (C-VR) right VA to the top of the BA; (C-VL) left VA to the left posterior cerebral artery; (C-CL) left ICA to the anterior cerebral artery-A2; and (C-CR) right ICA to the small aneurysm at the MCA bifurcation. Heat maps visualize the geometric deviations between R0 and R3 for the surfaces of the aneurysms. (A-V) represents the aneurysm at the left VA, (A-B) highlights aneurysm at the top of the BA, (A-C) shows the aneurysm at the right carotid-T and (A-M) depicts the aneurysm at the right MCA bifurcation. CoW: Circle of Willis, VA: vertebral artery, ICA: internal carotid artery, BA: basilar artery, MCA: middle cerebral artery. All dimensions are given in mm.
Fig 5.
Exemplary results from the centerline analysis.
The left side shows the 3D model of the right ICA with the four generated centerlines leading from to the small aneurysm at the MCA bifurcation. The patient’s centerline is displayed in orange, while the centerlines of replicas 1,2 and 3 are shown in blue, green and red, respectively. The right side illustrates the comparison of the radii of the four models from point A to G. ICA: internal carotid artery, MCA: middle cerebral artery.
Table 2.
Median absolute deviation in radius along various centerlines for all replicas (R1, R2 and R3) compared to the initial 3D model (R0).
Table 3.
Median radius along all centerlines for the initial model (R0) and the three replicas (R1, R2 and R3), along with the median radius for the combined average of all replicas.