Table 1.
Physical and mechanical properties of rock specimens.
Fig 1.
Parallel bond model.
Fig 2.
The simulated freeze-thaw cycle process.
Fig 3.
Model of sandstone under the action of freeze-thaw erosion.
Fig 4.
Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the peak strength of sandstones.
Fig 5.
The evolution pattern of longitudinal wave velocity and average mass.
Fig 6.
Relationship between the number of freeze-thaw cycles and the elastic modulus and poisson’s ratio.
Fig 7.
Acoustic emission signal and energy evolution characteristics after freeze-thaw cycles in sandstones (a, b, c, d, and e represent N = 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80, respectively.).
Fig 8.
Characterization of acoustic emission B-value evolution (a, b, c, d, and e represent N = 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80, respectively.).
Fig 9.
Evolutionary characteristics of RA and AF in sandstone under different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles. (a, b, c, d, and e represent N = 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80, respectively.).
Table 2.
Meso-parameters of numerical simulation.
Fig 10.
Comparison of stress-strain curves and damage patterns.
Fig 11.
Evolution of specimen cracking under pressure.
(a, b represent 0 and 80 freeze-thaw cycles, respectively.).
Fig 12.
Characteristics of crack evolution in sandstones under different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles. ((a, b, c, d, and e represent N = 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80, respectively.).
Fig 13.
Variation of the number and type of cracks with the number of freeze-thaw cycles.
Fig 14.
Microstructure within the sandstone.
(a, b, c represent 0, 40 and 80 freeze-thaw cycles, respectively.).
Fig 15.
Sandstone cracking mechanism diagram.
(a, b denote cracking in uneroded and eroded sandstone, respectively.).