Table 1.
Basic properties of rice husk, sawdust and cow manure.
Table 2.
Group setting of the experiment.
Fig 1.
Physio-chemical properties changes during dairy manure composting.
Temperature (A), pH (B), organic matters (C), total nitrogen (D), available nitrogen (E) and germination index (F) were assayed during the dairy manure composting process. Ordinary two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used for statistical assessment of Temperature, pH, organic matters, total nitrogen and available nitrogen. Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test using Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used for statistical assessment of germination index. Values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. OM, organic matters; TN, total nitrogen; AN, available nitrogen.
Fig 2.
Enzymes activity changes during dairy manure composting.
Fulvic acid (A), humic acid (B), cellulase activity (C), urease activity (D), alkaline phosphatase (E) and dehydrogenase activities (F) were assayed during the dairy manure composting process. Ordinary two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used for statistical assessment. Values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. FA, fulvic acid; HA, humic acid, CA, cellulase activity, UA, urease activity, ALP, alkaline phosphatase; DHA, dehydrogenase activities.
Fig 3.
Microbial diversity changes during dairy manure composting.
Chao1 (A), Faith_pd (B), Pielou_e (C), shannon (D) and Principal coordinate analysis (E) were assayed during the dairy manure composting process. Ordinary two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used for statistical assessment. Values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Fig 4.
Changes of microbial composition dairy manure composting.
Relative abundance of the top 10 phyla (A) and top 20 genera (B). LEfSe analysis showed biomarkers in different phases (C). Biomarkers were showed with LDA score > 4.3.
Fig 5.
Changes of ARGs and MGEs during dairy manure composting.
(A) The average number and (B) the total abundances of ARGs. (C) The average number and (D) the total abundances of MGEs.
Table 3.
Network topological properties of bacterial community during dairy manure ectopic fermentation1.
Fig 6.
Network analysis and topological properties of bacterial community during dairy manure composting.
In bacterial network of control (A), cellulase (B) and xylanase (C), nodes in the network represent taxon (species level), and node color is proportional to closeness centrality; green edge indicates negative correlation and purple edge indicates positive correlation. Topological properties of nodes in bacterial networks (D). Kruskal-Waillis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test was used for statistical assessment of topological properties. Values with asterisk are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Fig 7.
Redundancy analysis (RDA) among bacteria, physiochemical properties and ARG and MGE.
RDA was used to assess the relations of bacterial communities with ARG and MGE(A), as well as with environmental factors (B) during the dairy manure composting. The values of axes are the percentages explained by the corresponding axis.
Fig 8.
Variation partitioning analysis (VPA) revealing the contributions of environmental factors and microbial community to the changes of ARGs and MGEs.