Fig 1.
The marker placement locations included the following anatomical landmarks: the brow bone, occipital bone, acromion, C7 vertebra, center of the right scapula, T10 vertebra, center of the clavicle, lowest point of the sternum, anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, medial and lateral femoral condyles, lateral thigh, lateral calf, medial and lateral malleoli, heel, and the first and fifth metatarsal heads.
Fig 2.
Schematic diagram of forehand and backhand forward lunges.
(a) indicates the backhand forward lunge, and (b) represents the forehand forward lunge. The dashed line represents 1.5 times the leg length. The X, Y, and Z coordinates are defined according to the force plate. White footprints indicate the position of the left foot, and black footprints indicate the position of the right foot, with numbers indicating the step sequence. FP1 and FP2 represent two different force plates.
Fig 3.
This fatigue exercise consisted of unlimited repetitions of 5 consecutive vertical jumps (each averaging over 70% of their maximum vertical jump heights) followed by a 30-m sprint (accelerate and decelerate as quickly as possible). This process is repeated until the fatigue criteria are met.
Fig 4.
The forehand forward lunge is used as an example to illustrate the division of lunge phases: (A) Initial contact: the heel contacts the force plate, with vertical ground reaction force > 15 N; (B) Moment of minimum flexion angle in the dominant knee joint; (C) Lift-off: the dominant leg leaves the force plate, with vertical ground reaction force < 15 N. The braking phase is defined as the period from (A) to (B). The recovery phase is defined as the period from (B) to (C). The stance phase is defined as the period from (A) to (C) [10].
Fig 5.
Example identification of phases from vertical loading rate and vertical ground reaction force.
The five force phases (a, b, c, d, and e) are identified. BW = body weight; GRF = ground reaction force; LR = loading rate.
Table 1.
Effects of gender, direction, and fatigue on the mean (± SD) lower-limb peak joint angles during the stance phase.
Fig 6.
Interaction effect of gender and lunge direction on hip transverse plane range of motion (ROM).
Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Table 2.
Effects of gender, direction, and fatigue on the mean (± SD) lower-limb range of motion during the stance phase.
Table 3.
Effects of gender, direction, and fatigue on mean (± SD) lower-limb peak moments during the stance phase.
Table 4.
Effects of gender, direction, and fatigue on the mean (± SD) values of GRF, loading rate (LR), joint stiffness, and leg stiffness.