Fig 1.
Example of Kadoodle search results page.
Reprinted from [3] under a CC BY license, with permission from the American Institute from Behavioral Research and Technology, original copyright 2024. This figure is similar but not identical to the original image and is therefore for illustrative purposes only.
Fig 2.
Position and content of Kadoodle search results for each bias group.
Participants in Group 1 saw search results favoring Scott Morrison (dark pink indicates stronger bias). Participants in Group 2 saw search results favoring Bill Shorten (dark blue indicates stronger bias). Participants in Group 3 saw no bias in search results.
Fig 3.
Position and content of Twiddler alert for each bias group.
In Group 1, users saw one targeted message in the second position which was biased toward Scott Morrison (dark pink). In Group 2, users saw one targeted message in the second position which was biased toward Bill Shorten (dark blue). In Group 3, users saw one targeted message which was randomly chosen to be either pro-Morrison or pro-Shorten.
Fig 4.
Reprinted from [11] under a CC BY license, with permission from the American Institute from Behavioral Research and Technology, original copyright 2023. This figure is similar but not identical to the original image and is therefore for illustrative purposes only.
Fig 5.
Dyslexa questions and answers for each bias group.
In Group 1, participants chose one question out of the 10, and the answer was biased toward Scott Morrison (dark pink). In Group 2, participants chose one question, and the answer was biased toward Bill Shorten (dark blue). In Group 3, participants chose one question, and the answer was randomly chosen to be either pro-Scott or pro-Morrison.
Fig 6.
Reprinted from [10] under a CC BY license, with permission from the American Institute from Behavioral Research and Technology, original copyright 2022. This figure is similar but not identical to the original image and is therefore for illustrative purposes only.
Table 1.
Effects of biased content on voting preferences (VMP), bias groups combined, n = 365.
Table 2.
Pairwise comparisons of VMP for each platform use.
Table 3.
Changes in voting preferences for the favored candidate measured on an 11-point scale, two bias groups combined (corrected such that a positive value indicates preference for the favored candidate).
Table 4.
Pre- and post-exposure opinion ratings of the favored and non-favored candidate measured on a 10-point scale, bias groups only.