Table 1.
Results from previous studies examining phonological processing in deaf adults during reading related tasks.
Fig 1.
The layout of the stimuli presented to participants with the four quadrants used for analysis.
Lines outlining the four quadrants were not shown.
Table 2.
Participants’ age, gender, and reading scores.
Table 3.
Deaf participants’ level of deafness (self-reported and unaided), amplification aids and sign language background (n = 20, note all deaf participants in this study were born deaf and use BSL as their main language on a daily basis. All participants reported that they were unable to have clear access to speech through a hearing aid).
Table 4.
Examples of items used.
Fig 2.
Timeline of a single experimental trial.
Fig 3.
Results from the word and pseudohomophone conditions. Graphs display the proportion of fixation samples between 0 ms and 2000 ms for deaf and hearing readers in each condition. Here the labels “pseudotarget”, “pseudosemantic” and “pseudophonological” refer to the relationship of the picture to the word from which the pseudohomophone is derived, e.g., kote (pseudotarget – from coat), shirt (semantic), and boat (phonological). Summary tables below the graphs show significant differences in the bin-by-bin analyses between the unrelated condition and each of the remaining distractor conditions: target (T), semantically related (S), and phonologically related (R) for hearing and deaf participants separately for word and pseudowords.
Table 5.
Parameter estimates for each time polynomial, group and interactions for each time polynomial and group for target items, semantic and phonological distractors in the word condition.
Table 6.
Parameter estimates for each time polynomial, group and interactions for each time polynomial and group for pseudotarget items, pseudosemantic and pseudophonological distractors in the pseudohomophone condition.
Table 7.
Participants’ age, gender, and reading level.
Table 8.
Deaf participants’ deafness, amplification aids and language background.
Table 9.
Parameter estimates for each time polynomial, group and interactions for each time polynomial and group for pseudotarget items, pseudosemantic and pseudophonological distractors in the pseudohomophone condition.
Fig 4.
Proportion of fixation samples between 0 ms and 2500 ms for deaf readers and hearing readers for Experiment 1a. Here the labels “pseudotarget”, “pseudosemantic” and “pseudophonological” refer to the relationship of the picture to the word from which the pseudohomophone is derived. (E.g., kote (from coat), shirt (semantic), and boat (phonological). Summary tables below the graphs show significant differences in the bin-by-bin analyses between the unrelated condition and each of the remaining distractor conditions: target (T), semantically related (S), and phonologically related (R) for hearing participants and deaf participants separately for word and pseudowords.
Fig 5.
Layout of the stimuli presented to participants in the homophone condition (Description of stimuli from top-left to bottom-right; chocolate (unrelated), day (semantic), knight (homophonic) and night (target) and in the orthographic condition (Description of stimuli from top-left to bottom-right; anchor (semantic), boat (target), boot (orthographically similar) and mug (unrelated).
Table 10.
Parameter estimates for each time polynomial, group and interactions for each time polynomial and group for target items, semantic and homophonic distractors in the homophone condition.
Fig 6.
Results from the homophone (a) and orthographic (b) conditions. Graphs display the proportion of fixation from the first bin 0−100 ms to the last bin 1900−200 ms for deaf and hearing readers in each condition. Summary tables below the graphs show significant differences in the bin-by-bin analyses between the unrelated condition and each of the remaining distractor conditions: target (T), semantically related (S), and phonologically or orthographically related for hearing and deaf participants separately for word and pseudowords.
Table 11.
Parameter estimates for each time polynomial, group and interactions for each time polynomial and group for target items, semantic and orthographic distractors in the orthographic condition.