Fig 1.
Flow chart of this study.
Fig 2.
Framework of the game theory-based comprehensive weighting strategy.
Fig 3.
Flow chart of the Improved Kepler Orbital Algorithm (IKOA).
Table 1.
Benchmark function information.
Fig 4.
The convergence curve of each optimization algorithm under the test function.
Fig 5.
Architectural framework of the integrated IKOA-CNN-BiGRU-Attention model.
Fig 6.
Geographical distribution of the study area.
Table 2.
Hazard causation systems and their selection criteria.
Fig 7.
VIF analysis results for hazard-causing factors.
Fig 8.
Results of Comprehensive weighting.
Table 3.
The prediction error of each model.
Fig 9.
Predictive performance of the training and test sets.
Table 4.
Results for model hyperparameter values.
Fig 10.
SHAP analysis of feature importance and threshold effects in debris flow formation.
Fig 11.
SHAP interactions between key geomorphological and meteorological variables.
Fig 12.
Threshold identification for debris flows through SHAP response analysis.
Fig 13.
Three-dimensional risk surface with critical threshold planes.
Fig 14.
Comparative efficiency of source energy versus rainfall control interventions.
Fig 15.
Site-specific risk factor compositions in contrasting debris flow scenarios.
Table 5.
Stability analysis of each model.
Table 6.
Robustness Analysis of each model.
Table 7.
Applicability analysis of the IKOA-CNN-BiGRU-Attention model.