Fig 1.
Schematic illustration of BER hydrogel preparation and its anti-inflammatory effects on S. aureus-infected MAC-T cells.
Table 1.
Related primer sequences in this study.
Fig 2.
Preparation and SEM images of the BER hydrogel.
(A). The formation process of BER hydrogel. (B). injectability of the hydrogel. (C). SEM images of the cross sections of BER hydrogel.
Fig 3.
Physicochemical characterization of the BER hydrogel.
(A). FTIR spectra, (B). XRD patterns of the BER extract, CMCS/SA hydrogel and BER hydrogel. The pore sizes (C) and the Zeta potential (D) of BER hydrogel. The swelling ratio (E) of BER hydrogel were determined in PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37°C; and cumulative release of BER from the BER hydrogel (F) in PBS (pH = 3.0), PBS (pH = 7.4), and PBS (pH = 8.9) within 6 h at 37°C.
Table 2.
Fitted parameters obtained using models for the drug release data.
Fig 4.
Effects of BER hydrogel on cell morphology and its biofilm of S. aureus.
(A). The MIC of BER hydrogel, the columns 1-9 were 9.77, 19.53, 39.06, 78.13, 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1250 and 2,500 μg/mL of BER hydrogel, respectively, while the column N (from left to right) (negative control) S. aureus was used. (B). SEM analysis of cell morphology of S. aureus treated with 0.5 MIC BER hydrogel for 24 h. (C). SEM analysis of cell morphology of normal S. aureus. (D). SEM analysis of cell morphology of S. aureus treated with CMCS/SA hydrogel. (E)The biofilm eradication rate of BER hydrogel in the concentration range of 0.5-2MIC (n = 6/group). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. p-value indicates the difference among the groups; p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference. Groups with different letters had significant differences (p < 0.05).
Fig 5.
The biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory injury of BER hydrogel in S. aureus -induced mastitis MAC-T cell model.
(A). The hemolysis test of BER hydrogel. (B). The cell viability of MAC-T cells stimulated by 9.77-78.13 μg/mL BER hydrogel for 24 h. (C, D). The effects of BER hydrogel on the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in S. aureus- stimulated cells. (E, F). The gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in S. aureus stimulated cells. (G). The effects of BER hydrogel on the adhesion rate of S. aureus. Independent t-tests were conducted for data analysis of cell viability, other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. p -value indicates the difference among the groups; p < 0.01 indicates an extremely significant difference. Groups with different letters had significant differences (p < 0.01).