Fig 1.
Flowchart of Cohort Construction.
This figure depicts the process of cohort construction, detailing the inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to build the study cohorts for patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and SGLT2 inhibitors. GLP-1 RAs, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.
Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients Treated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT2 Inhibitors Before and After Propensity Score Matching.
Fig 2.
Effects of GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2 Inhibitors on Composite Cardiovascular Endpoint.
This figure illustrates the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and SGLT2 inhibitors on composite cardiovascular outcomes, including all-cause mortality, progression to systolic heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke, after propensity score matching. GLP-1 RAs, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.
Fig 3.
Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Primary and Secondary Outcomes in Patients with DM and HFpEF Treated with GLP-1 RAs or SGLT2 Inhibitors.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves compare the two treatment groups across primary and secondary outcomes, including (A) composite cardiovascular events, (B) systolic heart failure (SHF), (C) stroke, (D) all-cause mortality, and (E) acute myocardial infarction (MI). DM, diabetes mellitus; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; GLP-1 RAs, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.
Fig 4.
Subgroup Analysis of Composite Cardiovascular Endpoint Risk.
This figure presents the subgroup analysis of the risk for the composite cardiovascular endpoint, stratified by age, gender, race, moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic ischemic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus (DM) control, after propensity score matching. CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus.