Table 1.
Summary of related works.
Table 2.
Basic information of the research freeway.
Table 3.
Asphalt pavement structure of Freeway A.
Fig 1.
Traffic volume of Freeway A from 2015 to 2021.
Fig 2.
Heavy vehicle proportion from 2015 to 2021.
Fig 3.
Pavement serviceability survey of Freeway A: (a) Drilling at the location of lateral cracking; (b) Indicating that the pavement suffers severe rutting.
Fig 4.
Temperature sensors’ location from the view of cross-section.
Fig 5.
Temperature sensors located on the drilling core.
Table 4.
Variables overview and description.
Fig 6.
Mutual information analysis results of different features.
Fig 7.
Overall schematic diagram of GM(1, 1) – BPNN predictor.
Table 5.
Model performance on validation set.
Fig 8.
Feature significant result.
Fig 9.
SHAP force plot of RDI of 2016.
Table 6.
Model summary.