Fig 1.
a) Map illustrating the solar photovoltaic potential of Saudi Arabia; Map obtained from the “Global Solar Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application is developed and operated by the company Solargis s.r.o. on behalf of the World Bank Group, utilizing Solargis data, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https://globalsolaratlas.info, and b) Map illustrating wind speed and wind production potential in Saudi Arabia [3]; Map obtained from the Global Wind Atlas version 4.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The Global Wind Atlas version 4.0 is released in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, using funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https://globalwindatlas.info”.
Table 1.
Summary of Techno-Economic Studies on Renewable Energy and Hydrogen Systems.
Fig 2.
Configuration of studied MG, a) First configuration of PV/BSS, b) Second Configuration of PV/WT/BSS, and c) Third Configuration of PV/WT/BSS/Elec/FC.
Fig 3.
Framework of Input and Output Data for HRES Optimization in HOMER.
Table 2.
Technical specifications and study assumptions.
Fig 4.
Average Wind speed at the tested location.
Fig 5.
a) Daily radiation at the tested location and b) The daily temperature at the tested location.
Fig 6.
a) Daily profile of the load demand and b) seasonal load profile kW.
Table 3.
Net Present Costs of PV/BSS system.
Fig 7.
Net present value (NPV) for each system component for the PV/BSS system; a) total NPV and b) components breakdown costs.
Fig 8.
Average monthly electric energy generation from renewable sources in the first configuration PV/BSS.
Fig 9.
Average monthly state of charge for the first configuration PV/BSS.
Fig 10.
BSS charging and discharging for two days for the first configuration PV/BSS.
Fig 11.
The energy balance of the first configuration for one day PV/BSS.
Table 4.
Net Present Costs for PV//WT/BSS system.
Fig 12.
Net present value (NPV) for each system component for the PV/WT/BSS system; a) total NPV and b) components breakdown costs.
Fig 13.
Average monthly electric energy generation from renewable sources in the second configuration PV/WT/BSS.
Fig 14.
Average monthly state of charge for the second configuration PV/WT/BSS.
Fig 15.
BSS charging and discharging for two days for the second configuration PV/WT/BSS.
Fig 16.
The energy balance of the second configuration for one day PV/WT/BSS.
Table 5.
Net Present Costs for PV/WT/BSS/Hydrogen Tank/FC/Electrolyzer system.
Fig 17.
Net present value (NPV) for each system component for the PV//WT/BSS/ Hydrogen Tank/ FC/ Electrolyzer system; a) total NPV and b) Components breakdown costs.
Fig 18.
Average monthly electric energy generation from renewable sources in the third configuration PV//WT/BSS/ Hydrogen Tank/ FC/ Electrolyzer.
Fig 19.
Average monthly state of charge for the third configuration PV//WT/BSS/ Hydrogen Tank/ FC/ Electrolyzer.
Fig 20.
a) Average monthly Tank Level for the third configuration PV//WT/BSS/ Hydrogen Tank/ FC/ Electrolyzer, b) Tank level.
Fig 21.
The energy balance of the third configuration for one day PV//WT/BSS/ Hydrogen Tank/ FC/ Electrolyzer.
Table 6.
Key parameters of the three configurations.
Fig 22.
a) Average Monthly Hydrogen Production (kg) and b) Hydrogen Produced over the Year.
Fig 23.
Impact of Solar and Wind Resource Variability on Hybrid Energy System Performance; (a) Total Net Present Cost, (b) Cost of Energy, (c) Unmet Load Percent, and (d) Excess Electricity Percent.
Fig 24.
Effect of solar irradiance and wind speed on excess electricity and capacity shortage in a hybrid energy system; a) Variation with average daily solar irradiance (kWh/m²/day) and b) Variation with average wind speed (m/s).
Fig 25.
Impact of Nominal Discount Rate and Expected Inflation Rate on Hybrid Energy System Performance, (a) Total Net Present Cost, (b) Cost of Energy.
Fig 26.
Impact of nominal discount rate and expected inflation rate on the reliability performance of the hybrid energy system performance (a) Excess Electricity Percent, and (b) Unmet Load Percent.