Fig 1.
Species range distribution and leaf morphology.
A) Species range map for T. aurantiacum (TAUR) and T. perfoliatum (TPER). B) Locations in Massachusetts where TAUR, TPER, and Rare Plant (RP) plant samples were collected. C) General locations of the two Triosteum sub-populations (Northern group and Southern group) at Camp Edwards where RP sites are located (i.e., RP13). The northern RP sites include RP13 and RP15 and the southern RP sites include RP03, RP04, RP05, RP06, and RP07. D) A plant from RP03. The leaves at a middle node are not fused around the stem, indicating TAUR leaf morphology. E) A plant from RP05. The leaves at a middle node are fused, although not broadly, around the stem, not clearly indicating TAUR or TPER leaf morphology. F) A plant from RP03. The leaves at a middle node appear more broadly fused around the stem on this plant than D or E), suggesting TPER leaf morphology. G) A plant from RP04. The leaves at the middle nodes are definitively broadly fused around the stem, indicating TPER leaf morphology.
Fig 2.
Genetic relatedness across 26 RP samples and 5 T. perfoliatum and 7 T. aurantiacum reference samples based on 114,404 loci with 220,518 high quality SNPs.
A) Principle Component Analysis of genetic diversity. B) fastSTRUCTURE analysis using K = 2, K = 3, and K = 4 settings. C) Expected heterozygosity, inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and nucleotide diversity of T. perfoliatum, T. aurantiacum and RP sites. D) Genetic differentiation (FST) between T. perfoliatum, T. aurantiacum and RP sites.
Fig 3.
Genetic relatedness across 26 RP samples and 5 T. perfoliatum and 7 T. aurantiacum reference samples using 114,404 loci with 266,257 multi-allelic haplotypes.
A) NJ tree based on Jaccard genetic similarities. 200 bootstrap replicates were used. B) fraction of heterozygous loci across all loci with data per sample. C) overview of structural variants (SNPs, single nucleotide Indel, and large InDels (I1-I3) across the chloroplast genome sequence per individual. D) variants at a single SNP in the Waxy locus (genotype call at the C/T polymorphism at position 34123 of contig_31377;/: missing data).
Fig 4.
Pairwise comparisons of the genetic distance (Jaccard Inverse Distance) between individual plants within and between subpopulations, populations, and species.
JID values are shown as false-color scale.
Fig 5.
Chloroplast whole-genome assemblies of T. perfoliatum, T. aurantiacum, and RP15-03, compared to closely related species.
A) chloroplast whole-genome assemblies with structural annotation. B) NJ phylogenetic tree of Triosteum chloroplast sequences and closely related species (accessions retrieved from Liu et al., 2022, whole genome alignments were created with mVISTA).