Fig 1.
Population density, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Base Map Source: Statistics Canada, Census Dissemination Areas Boundary File, 17 Nov 2021. Reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of Statistics Canada [19].
Table 1.
Characteristics of study cohort.
Table 2.
Parameters and associated 95% credible intervals (CrIs) from the spatio-temporal models.
Fig 2.
Percent change in male and female cancer-specific posterior median relative risk (RR) in relation to time (A, B), MS (C, D) and SC (E, F).
Solid lines indicate statistically significant effects.
Fig 3.
Posterior spatial random effects displaying median relative risk (RR) with overlay of exceedance probability (Phigh≥ 0.8) for eight preventable cancers in males, Nova Scotia 2001-2017.
Insets A and B represent the densely populated areas of Halifax and Sydney, respectively. Base Map Source: Statistics Canada, Census Dissemination Areas Boundary File, 17 Nov 2021. Reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. [19].
Fig 4.
Posterior spatial random effects displaying median relative risk (RR) with overlay of exceedance probability (Phigh≥ 0.8) for ten preventable cancers in females, Nova Scotia 2001-2017.
Insets A and B represent the densely populated areas of Halifax and Sydney, respectively. Base Map Source: Statistics Canada, Census Dissemination Areas Boundary File, 17 Nov 2021. Reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. [19].
Fig 5.
Posterior predictions displaying median relative risk (RR) with overlay of exceedance probability (Phigh≥ 0.8) for eight preventable cancers in males, Nova Scotia 2014-2017.
Insets A and B represent densely populated areas of Halifax and Sydney, respectively. Base Map Source: Statistics Canada, Census Dissemination Areas Boundary File, 17 Nov 2021. Reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of Statistics Canada [19].
Fig 6.
Posterior predictions displaying median relative risk (RR) with overlay of exceedance probability (Phigh≥ 0.8) for ten preventable cancers in females, Nova Scotia 2014-2017.
Insets A and B represent densely populated areas of Halifax and Sydney, respectively. Base Map Source: Statistics Canada, Census Dissemination Areas Boundary File, 17 Nov 2021. Reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of Statistics Canada [19].
Fig 7.
Percentage of communities (COMe) with significant increased cancer risk based on exceedance probabilities (Phigh≥ 0.8) for the posterior predicted median relative risk (RR) estimated for each time period and cancer type, both sexes combined. Results are presented for all COMe (A), communities ranking in either the lowest (B) or highest (C) level of material security (MS) and those reporting both low levels of MS and social connectivity (SC), (D) or both high levels of MS and SC (E).
Fig 8.
Sex-specific Composite Index of Cancer of spatial random effects (sCIC, A-B) and predictions (pCIC, C-D) based on 8 cancer types in males, and 10 in females. Negative values for sCIC (yellow shades) are associated with higher occurrence of bladder cancer and melanoma in males; and higher occurrence of bladder cancer in females. Positive values for sCIC (orange-red shades) are associated with higher occurrence of stomach, colorectal and pancreatic cancers in males; and higher occurrence of cervical, stomach and breast cancers in females. Negative values for pCIC (yellow shades) are associated with higher occurrence of melanoma in both males and females. Positive values for pCIC (orange-red shades) are associated with higher occurrence of lung and stomach in males; and higher occurrence of cervical and lung cancers in females. Insets (A) and (B) represent the densely populated areas of Halifax and Sydney, respectively. Base Map Source: Statistics Canada, Census Dissemination Areas Boundary File, 17 Nov 2021. Reproduced and distributed on an “as is” basis with the permission of Statistics Canada [19].
Table 3.
Loadings of the Composite Index of Cancer for posterior predictions (pCIC 2014-2017) and spatial random effects (sCIC 2001-2017), for 10 preventable cancers in males and females, Nova Scotia.
Fig 9.
Scatterplot of the Composite Index of Cancer for posterior predictions (pCIC) and community socioeconomic status as measured with material security (A, B) or social connectivity (C, D), in males and females. Pearson partial correlations (pcor) and associated p-values are included to show the strength and significance of the associations.