Fig 1.
Schematic diagram of the main steps of the paclitaxel biosynthesis pathway.
The abbreviations are as follows: GGPPS, Geranyl pyrophosphate synthase; TASY, taxadiene synthase; T5αOH, taxadiene 5α hydroxylase; TDAT, taxadiene 5α-ol O-acetyltransferase; T10βOH, Taxol 10β hydroxylase; TαH, taxadiene 13a-hydroxylase; DBBT, taxane 2a-O-benzoyl-transferase; DBAT, 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10-O-acetyltransferase; BAPT, baccatin III: 3-amino, 3-phenylpropanoyltransferase.
Fig 2.
The growth curve and biomass curve of T. baccata cells without treatment and under normal conditions.
Cells dry weight (g/L) (A), cells fresh weight (g/L) (B). The values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) of 3 replications (n = 3).
Fig 3.
Effects of plasma-activated water on cell growth and biomass of T. baccata cell cultures.
The impact of varying concentrations of plasma-activated water on cell growth (A), and biomass (B) of T. baccata cell cultures is illustrated. Cell growth and biomass are measured as grams of fresh weight and dry weight per liter respectively. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation from three replicates (n = 3). Significant differences (p < 0.05) are indicated by different letters based on Duncan’s multiple-range tests.
Fig 4.
Percentage of cell viability of T. baccata treated with plasma-activated water at different time points.
The data expressed as the average mean± standard deviation of 3 replications (n = 3). Values that are accompanied by different letters indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) based on Duncan’s multiple-range tests.
Fig 5.
Effects of the plasma-activated water on paclitaxel (A) , and 10-deacetyl baccatin III (10-DAB III) production (µg/g DW) (B) inT. baccata cell culture in different time points.
The values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE). The values followed by different letters are significantly difference (p < 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple-range tests.
Fig 6.
Effect of using plasma-activated water (PAW) on PAL activity in T. baccata cells.
Different concentrations of PAW were used as elicitor. The values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) of 3 replications (n = 3). The values followed by different letters are significantly difference (p < 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple-range tests.
Fig 7.
Heatmap of all of the data sets analyzed for plasma-activated water (PAW) treatment.
The distribution and intensity of the measured data, including PAL activities, concentrations of paclitaxel and 10-DAB III, cell viability and dry and fresh weight across different concentrations of PAW treatment in different timepoints are presented. The treatments are organized into four distinct groups based on their specific conditions.