Fig 1.
Location of landscape mosaics with agroforestry and silvopastoral systems in the Colombian Amazon.
SAFc: TR (El Triunfo – Doncello), BA (Batalla 13 – Florencia), SR (Santa Rosa – San José del Fragua), TE (El Tesoro – Montañita). SSP: PO (El Porvenir – Albania), VE (La Vega – Doncello), VM (Villa Mery – Morelia), ES (Esmeraldas – Milán). Source: The map was developed by the authors using QGIS Version 3.40.0, the map was cross verified with the Colombia map, including Departments and Territories’ boundaries as shown in the official website of IGAC (public domain) of Colombia: https://geoportal.igac.gov.co.
Fig 2.
Vegetation cover types classified within landscape mosaics of cocoa-based agroforestry systems and silvopastoral systems in the Colombian Amazon.
(A) secundary forest – BSE; (B) pastures with scattered trees – PAD; (C) early successional fallows – RTT; (D) cocoa agroforestry crops – CA; (E) shade trees for cocoa crops; (F) late successional fallows – RV.
Table 1.
Metrics for landscape properties analysis. Analysis of composition, structure, and spatial configuration of mosaics with agroforestry and silvopastoral systems in the Amazon, Colombia.
Table 2.
Allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass in temporary plots within the landscape mosaics with agroforestry and silvopastoral systems in the Amazon, Colombia.
Table 3.
Mean area (hectares) and standard deviation (hectares) of the vegetation covers types classified in the landscape mosaics with agroforestry and silvopastoral systems in the Amazon, Colombia. Values sharing a common letter in their means are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Pairwise means comparison method: Fisher, alpha = 0.05.
Fig 3.
Biplot generated from the principal component analysis (PCA) of landscape metrics.
For the mosaics (A) and vegetation covers (B) in landscapes with agroforestry and silvopastoral systems in the Colombian Amazon. Abbreviations: TR: El Triunfo; BA: Batalla 13; SR: Santa Rosa; TE: El Tesoro; PO: El Porvenir; VE: La Vega; VM: Villa Mery; ES: Esmeraldas; BSE: Secondary Forest; CAC: Agroforestry Cacao Cultivation; PAD: Pastures with Scattered Trees; RTT: Early Fallows; RTV: Old Fallows.
Table 4.
Distribution of aboveground carbon – CAar, herbaceous carbon – CAhe, and litter carbon – CAho, stored in the mosaics and vegetation cover types of agroforestry and silvopastoral landscapes in the Colombian Amazon. Values sharing a common letter in their means are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Pairwise means comparison method: Fisher, alpha = 0.05.
Fig 4.
Triplot obtained through partial least squares (PLS) regression between carbon, metrics, and landscape mosaics in agroforestry and silvopastoral systems in the Colombian Amazon.
TR: El Triunfo; BA: Batalla 13; SR: Santa Rosa; TE: El Tesoro; PO: El Porvenir; VE: La Vega; VM: Villa Mery; ES: Esmeraldas.
Fig 5.
Triplot obtained through partial least squares (PLS) regression between carbon, metrics, and vegetation covers in agroforestry and silvopastoral systems in the Colombian Amazon.
BSE: Secondary forest; CAC: Agroforestry cocoa crop; PAD: Pastures with dispersed trees; RTT: Early fallows; RTV: Old fallows.