Fig 1.
Flowchart of the change point analysis.
Fig 2.
Annual flood damage in Japan.
Fig 3.
Annual flood damage normalized by annual nationwide inundated area.
Fig 4.
Residual plot.
Table 1.
Significant change point in the number of flooded houses per unit inundated residential area.
Fig 5.
Variations of the annual number of houses inundated with water depth deeper than their floor height and the ratio of the number to the annual inundated residential area.
Table 2.
Significant change point in the number of semi-damaged houses per unit inundated residential area.
Fig 6.
Variations of the ratio of the number of semi-damaged houses to the annual flooded residential area.
Fig 7.
The number of rainwater harvesting facilities installed per year from 1971 to 2022.
Fig 8.
Correlation between annual flood damage and inundated area.
Fig 9.
Correlation between annual flood damage and the number of houses flooded.
Fig 10.
A rain garden in Kyoto.
Fig 11.
A new framework to promote citizens’ engagement in flood risk management.