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Fig 1.

Ultrasound Imaging Procedure in Bipedal Standing Position.

Bipedal stance on the step to allow access to the medial and plantar side of the foot. Ultrasound linear transducer placement and cross-sectional area measurement for assessment of the abductor hallucis. Ultrasound linear transducer placement and cross-sectional area measurement for assessment of the flexor digitorum brevis.

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Fig 1 Expand

Table 1.

Ultrasound measure values (Mean ± Standard Deviation).

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Table 1 Expand

Fig 2.

Cohen`s d Effect Sizes and 95% Confidence Intervals for Intrinsic Foot Muscles Ultrasound Measures.

Abbreviations: CSA = Cross-sectional area; Echo = Echogenicity; AbH = Abductor Hallucis; FDB = Flexor Digitorum Brevis; CAI = Chronic Ankle Instability; PFP = Patellofemoral pain; 1st MTP = 1st Metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis.

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Fig 3.

Means and 95% Confidence Intervals for Cross-Sectional Area and Echogenicity Measures in Clinical and Healthy Individuals.

A = Cross-sectional area of Abductor Hallucis, B = Cross-sectional area of Flexor Digitorum Brevis, C = Echogenicity measures of Abductor Hallucis, D = Echogenicity measures of Flexor Digitorum BrevisCAI = Chronic Ankle Instability; PFP = Patellofemoral pain; MTP = 1st Metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis.

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